https://strokiespresents.com/videos/534/strokies-octavia-red-aka-berry-puts-her-sweetness-on-chuck-s-dick/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/534/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/534/preview.jpg 506 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/e8adf8b19bae9503fdcccdea6a7ffa6988e68ab2d2/0/534/534.mp4/ 5.0 509 2023-09-15 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/533/strokies-lola-sinn-brings-her-fiery-touch-for-a-blazing-pov-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/533/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/533/preview.jpg 523 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/ef42b83cbb109219229cf4e2eebb337a8fd164ed72/0/533/533.mp4/ 2.5 243 2023-09-14 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/532/strokies-navajo-pro-vanessa-vox-spreads-her-lips-jerks-and-grinds/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/532/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/532/preview.jpg 511 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/3c5ef194124fd48b32643ecaa329164b3eaf352198/0/532/532.mp4/ 5.0 244 2023-09-07 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/531/strokies-asian-hottie-mina-luxx-gives-her-all-with-every-single-stroke/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/531/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/531/preview.jpg 520 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/17f109a1f702d99276a9b0c7f18b6b718f0b566d15/0/531/531.mp4/ 5.0 305 2023-08-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/530/strokies-hot-blonde-kay-lovely-jerks-grinds-and-titty-fucks-in-pov/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/530/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/530/preview.jpg 507 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/9183010d7b8e875f739bf4a6bf77c18b80113e025c/0/530/530.mp4/ 5.0 400 2023-08-18 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/529/strokies-pierced-and-tattooed-ryan-reid-makes-her-pov-handjob-debut/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/529/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/529/preview.jpg 516 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/04c53baf313da3c4de362fc9ce61c7ac702006063f/0/529/529.mp4/ 3.8 277 2023-08-12 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/528/strokies-naughty-latina-zerella-skies-peels-off-daisy-dukes-to-jerk-cock-pov/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/528/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/528/preview.jpg 519 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/4be5620b38f496d04c33f98af76a657818e6d414e7/0/528/528.mp4/ 5.0 485 2023-08-11 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/527/strokies-nursing-assistant-and-bikini-barista-chanel-camryn-turns-hot-pornstar/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/527/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/527/preview.jpg 523 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/9043856103bec14672946e95595ca64c4c935dc757/0/527/527.mp4/ 5.0 362 2023-08-03 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/526/strokies-platinum-blonde-handjob-aficionado-kenna-james-with-big-fake-tits/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/526/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/526/preview.jpg 489 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/22954f66e73f487e69d3f46daa3fd49dc8f1408076/0/526/526.mp4/ 5.0 301 2023-07-25 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/525/strokies-grinding-and-69ing-in-hot-freya-parker-handjob-scene/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/525/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/525/preview.jpg 518 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/996e32f65b1b64f44fc2e7ae8fef9284519fb7823f/0/525/525.mp4/ 5.0 304 2023-07-15 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/524/strokies-blonde-party-girl-britt-blair-has-a-1-on-1-handjob-party/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/524/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/524/preview.jpg 525 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/17162bbbdc09225b3bfabadd4826afcff4b7df61f0/0/524/524.mp4/ 2.5 253 2023-07-07 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/523/strokies-gorgeous-tattooed-lumi-ray-handjob-by-hot-party-girl-with-big-tits/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/523/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/523/preview.jpg 509 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/55712eb54606fd458f53cdca7f4f5b5cc78f55be3c/0/523/523.mp4/ 5.0 345 2023-06-28 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/522/strokies-sexy-high-school-dropout-aria-valencia-joins-the-jizz-biz/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/522/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/522/preview.jpg 495 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/93d27c60aaf35115e4107e03156fa68f8d4bf00d4b/0/522/522.mp4/ 0.0 136 2023-06-30 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/521/strokies-teacher-helena-price-helps-student-avery-tyler-with-a-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/521/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/521/preview.jpg 525 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/a127b9a0879dcde6fef09497b1f3ab5cce32a08c93/0/521/521.mp4/ 5.0 413 2023-06-28 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/520/strokies-ebony-starlet-monique-symone-brings-her-ddd-cups-to-a-stellar-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/520/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/520/preview.jpg 490 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/3897362f86875db84477c841579922012c20946df5/0/520/520.mp4/ 0.0 235 2023-06-24 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/519/big-titty-asian-babe-alexia-anders-tight-pussy-fingered-while-stroking-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/519/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/519/preview.jpg 498 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/a577c97ccdcb1f07f247182846edf20cbbafc97eeb/0/519/519.mp4/ 4.3 132865 2021-11-24 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/518/prisoner-slut-trades-handjob-for-release/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/518/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/518/preview.jpg 1470 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/59844283135d972094134aa0f5570e0ad33f678fe7/0/518/518.mp4/ 3.9 136947 2016-01-25 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/517/big-tit-candi-squeezes-dick-til-it-burst/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/517/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/517/preview.jpg 1324 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/91cb02433ad5521eb472a9836c0a8f38815e561c65/0/517/517.mp4/ 3.4 50537 2016-01-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/516/teen-carmen-caliente-locker-room-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/516/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/516/preview.jpg 1267 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/c15e815c47800281f8803a5b58be5048cd767adddd/0/516/516.mp4/ 3.8 79227 2016-01-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/515/fetish-milf-charlee-chase-pov-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/515/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/515/preview.jpg 1315 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/5ac5e51073c99d3dd5ddc244dfc4a7a2cf18c1dcbf/0/515/515.mp4/ 4.0 94434 2016-01-28 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/514/best-friends-share-a-cigar-and-hard-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/514/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/514/preview.jpg 973 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/f3803e8a43f2cf06403f02f9e015b8c663e4f76396/0/514/514.mp4/ 3.1 98277 2016-01-29 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/513/strokies-amateur-chrissy-gets-facial-after-kitchen-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/513/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/513/preview.jpg 821 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/d996bcb6c29ef8d19caaf105f7768bb67d68f5f1de/0/513/513.mp4/ 3.7 117866 2016-02-01 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/512/nerdy-teen-dakota-jerks-off-hard-prick/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/512/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/512/preview.jpg 960 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/556ad11cb265800e06cf7cbf4327768c4e8cc187fe/0/512/512.mp4/ 4.2 270529 2016-02-02 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/511/petite-emma-snow-greases-a-stiff-dick/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/511/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/511/preview.jpg 1061 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/e49e78c3906605dd0cf70f0c030d04cefeeb612ef2/0/511/511.mp4/ 4.2 87130 2016-02-03 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/510/asian-milf-teaches-friend-how-to-stroke/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/510/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/510/preview.jpg 730 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/8b7cdf9593847e98ad5e1fdf084d11b4605229eafb/0/510/510.mp4/ 3.6 85255 2016-02-04 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/509/redhead-in-stockings-strokes-dick-hard/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/509/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/509/preview.jpg 1324 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/8b168c60b227de62eb930069b9c8e477220625110e/0/509/509.mp4/ 4.0 87915 2016-02-05 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/508/strokies-big-tit-teacher-natasha-juja-rewards-student/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/508/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/508/preview.jpg 907 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/bfd773cc6e275ebc2556e8d9e18040c0a02c1e2218/0/508/508.mp4/ 3.0 119063 2016-02-08 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/507/strokies-secretary-nikki-daniels-gives-her-boss-a-handie/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/507/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/507/preview.jpg 1706 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/997234eb880fa28db5009687adffeb9bee0cdd0bd1/0/507/507.mp4/ 3.6 67053 2016-02-09 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/506/strokies-housewife-raven-dawn-jerks-off-insurance-salesman/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/506/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/506/preview.jpg 797 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/32124731c6c887f74ed326a82fac66f64b81ddf059/0/506/506.mp4/ 3.4 54813 2016-02-10 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/505/strokies-teacher-savannah-fox-shows-star-pupil-sadie-kennedy-how-to-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/505/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/505/preview.jpg 1131 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/50c14af831a9bcc33951a572e8e721b00717fb801f/0/505/505.mp4/ 3.9 78891 2016-02-11 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/504/strokies-redhead-maid-samara-in-fishnets-pumps-a-stiff-willie/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/504/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/504/preview.jpg 1030 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/153772b00d70f1fa2a7127a3d4ab317f05187e19c0/0/504/504.mp4/ 3.8 22639 2016-02-12 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/503/strokies-horny-milf-savannah-jane-vibrates-pussy-then-strokes/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/503/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/503/preview.jpg 1326 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/8c95f8e3a7f34e7c5d88f57da5d75d42a7223f5763/0/503/503.mp4/ 3.1 24073 2016-02-15 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/502/blonde-hand-slut-zoey-monroe/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/502/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/502/preview.jpg 972 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/f928dcd12937def74a5e6d10134bf9e4bd50c866c8/0/502/502.mp4/ 3.9 100135 2016-02-16 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/501/zoey-portland-schools-boy-toy/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/501/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/501/preview.jpg 832 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/589720176639e074882e74b2ed91b6b0a5ea6663f7/0/501/501.mp4/ 3.3 60716 2016-02-17 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/500/bad-student-selma-sins-strokes-for-better-grade/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/500/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/500/preview.jpg 1267 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/b0f5563ac2f065d3f67357a27dddb1b3aacc5052ca/0/500/500.mp4/ 3.4 96593 2016-02-18 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/499/chase-ryder-skips-school-to-stroke-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/499/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/499/preview.jpg 1543 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/8bb1fb5d26bdaf41bc94cda503d1c6fd05ff4d9e2b/0/499/499.mp4/ 3.3 47341 2016-02-19 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/498/schoolgirl-rachel-richey-tugs-for-bad-behavior/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/498/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/498/preview.jpg 1019 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/848f7f1f4fce40374f35c8815ae49569d06f79f4ee/0/498/498.mp4/ 3.0 70028 2016-02-22 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/497/jessica-chase-cum-on-glasses/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/497/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/497/preview.jpg 1101 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/67714151bb0d294da23b8e107a8ecefc1f0b4de4a2/0/497/497.mp4/ 3.4 30549 2016-02-23 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/496/horny-blonde-kate-england-pov-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/496/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/496/preview.jpg 1057 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/1dff18eb2295837add850c7e44689ab94041f5b5ae/0/496/496.mp4/ 4.1 200948 2016-02-23 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/495/housewife-lisa-demarco-cummy-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/495/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/495/preview.jpg 616 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/19f4f000068bb12be6d36a862a6ab3a2442e31e533/0/495/495.mp4/ 3.3 47876 2016-02-25 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/494/holly-west-tugs-while-smoking/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/494/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/494/preview.jpg 691 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/98a2920fd5d52fa69f6e277087e713d664c88c69b4/0/494/494.mp4/ 4.1 23639 2016-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/493/leah-cortez-smoking-cummy-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/493/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/493/preview.jpg 858 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/de6558333cd91bf35d9f6129916e305705a9b5204b/0/493/493.mp4/ 3.7 84954 2016-02-29 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/492/natalie-heart-handjob-facial/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/492/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/492/preview.jpg 726 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/ee6159bb9cde96dc272d1a4b7de63a7545cdcc9b11/0/492/492.mp4/ 3.5 40528 2016-03-01 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/491/pressley-carter-smoking-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/491/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/491/preview.jpg 1230 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/2f37c917e269f3a71ab841c88400f163ac6da297a9/0/491/491.mp4/ 4.1 75744 2016-03-02 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/490/strokies-horny-waitress-valerie-voxx-pumps-cum-on-her-face/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/490/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/490/preview.jpg 1458 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/1fc08c3d0c8ead5d7c2c0307e7691b18974b7bbf7f/0/490/490.mp4/ 3.6 24413 2016-03-03 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/489/strokies-nerdy-asian-babe-little-mina-gets-cum-on-tits/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/489/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/489/preview.jpg 691 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/82c6e2c11a4e5f19bc33fcc0aede6c70408bf45306/0/489/489.mp4/ 4.2 145949 2016-03-04 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/488/slutty-secretary-roxie-rox-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/488/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/488/preview.jpg 847 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/a5cfad2b38da6e5c0815b64c6cd4e4e7c7295d2eb9/0/488/488.mp4/ 3.7 26146 2016-03-07 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/487/cherry-morgan-cum-covered-hands/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/487/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/487/preview.jpg 833 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/f0433c13df9f7b6396ebdfbc4fe079e34380b65ce6/0/487/487.mp4/ 3.8 143670 2016-03-08 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/486/strokies-watch-bffs-laura-coryander-and-miatsu-kumiko-make-out-and-stroke-dick/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/486/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/486/preview.jpg 854 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/a29cdd517f786f345663396b8ed3c2712c68df7648/0/486/486.mp4/ 3.6 69716 2016-03-09 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/485/teens-kiarra-and-krissy-smoke-cigarettes-and-share-a-hard-dick/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/485/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/485/preview.jpg 788 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/e6a03e78e64d464f04962315a27916fe445892677b/0/485/485.mp4/ 3.9 46691 2016-03-10 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/484/redhead-kierra-wilde-pov-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/484/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/484/preview.jpg 1129 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/f3518aa673f60cc2997911fcc96470ccf92f6c17f8/0/484/484.mp4/ 3.9 35171 2016-03-11 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/483/kajira-bound-handjob-queen/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/483/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/483/preview.jpg 1097 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/f4c7e6f86de75cd01d701d88bd0db8e65484b12a04/0/483/483.mp4/ 4.2 19830 2016-03-15 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/482/strokies-jessica-ryan-and-iris-rose-share-prison-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/482/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/482/preview.jpg 1396 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/1f1d6e5e36479b89752e991e6b8a5801b4a82f6723/0/482/482.mp4/ 4.0 83581 2016-03-16 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/481/strokies-paisley-parker-pumps-hard-dick/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/481/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/481/preview.jpg 1033 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/7733ca1b02c28026b611512613d242c654dfb60c23/0/481/481.mp4/ 3.5 21042 2016-03-17 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/480/melanie-hicks-facial-after-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/480/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/480/preview.jpg 1207 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/5e0d44eb3dae04eda42f0fbb0b17387cb667a0aef3/0/480/480.mp4/ 4.0 200061 2016-03-18 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/479/chubby-scarlett-demitro-gives-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/479/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/479/preview.jpg 993 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/0b1d33a81e22095835fa3ac2583cf3eabfc2fb70e5/0/479/479.mp4/ 3.5 100727 2016-03-21 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/478/petite-alyssa-hart-facial/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/478/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/478/preview.jpg 924 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/a156d586466eb10927dcb1337832e677b7d128946f/0/478/478.mp4/ 3.8 722731 2016-03-22 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/477/big-tit-teen-bibi-noel-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/477/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/477/preview.jpg 1155 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/33dae9f6c4956b7d1457fdcda029f5500774caa8ee/0/477/477.mp4/ 4.0 46210 2016-03-24 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/476/rikki-rumor-tugs-greasy-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/476/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/476/preview.jpg 1082 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/f3b16e463784c5a6b0b1deb2d65db50a2ff1b6c7c7/0/476/476.mp4/ 3.4 28728 2016-03-25 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/475/teen-elsa-jean-cum-on-hand/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/475/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/475/preview.jpg 937 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/75d78b9994182ddd4f89d354aa1d05e2a5c004a658/0/475/475.mp4/ 4.0 258202 2016-03-28 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/474/helena-price-pumps-cum-on-her-face/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/474/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/474/preview.jpg 1255 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/8abf59e0195b9ac3f4bdced30d98b28c0d1fa75994/0/474/474.mp4/ 3.9 197432 2016-03-29 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/473/edyn-blair-tits-covered-in-cum/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/473/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/473/preview.jpg 1087 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/f4a2d07d20025737a48f93289643da568c224077f4/0/473/473.mp4/ 4.0 47800 2016-03-30 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/472/strokies-amy-faye-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/472/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/472/preview.jpg 1159 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/85538ac0319bbb377b8f72c2ef8379c855ce182eac/0/472/472.mp4/ 4.0 25424 2016-03-31 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/471/strokies-mikayla-coxx-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/471/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/471/preview.jpg 877 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/6b88652fc4ec7123680bc495747f01aa8ca167176a/0/471/471.mp4/ 3.7 94989 2016-04-04 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/470/strokies-alex-little-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/470/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/470/preview.jpg 1292 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/587fa4afaf5e40497fa2b914e6f604c70f91042543/0/470/470.mp4/ 3.3 13139 2016-04-05 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/469/strokies-marilyn-moore-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/469/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/469/preview.jpg 1222 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/aa1b16b80e0efbc187a798ad0d40fb343793bd0223/0/469/469.mp4/ 3.5 22330 2016-04-06 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/468/strokies-chanell-heart-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/468/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/468/preview.jpg 1422 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/f29f441a3e7acc5a8e17a31f7cf74773d8cf7ed7b1/0/468/468.mp4/ 4.0 170284 2016-04-07 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/467/strokies-amo-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/467/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/467/preview.jpg 940 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/861d4f63437e3925d5ddfc1c787a9599e532036f3a/0/467/467.mp4/ 3.8 25646 2016-04-08 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/466/strokies-raquel-roper-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/466/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/466/preview.jpg 1219 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/1d65deeb7dbda120aae22d82a73f314eaf1ff85b0b/0/466/466.mp4/ 4.4 152310 2016-04-12 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/465/strokies-allison-rey-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/465/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/465/preview.jpg 1183 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/d4c1bfbe4dbdec23bc8c40557755f33221181ea291/0/465/465.mp4/ 3.8 21049 2016-04-13 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/464/strokies-richelle-ryan-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/464/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/464/preview.jpg 1221 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/031968b76b2998b0d9ab1b7363e0f7af2d649d0d84/0/464/464.mp4/ 3.7 91355 2016-04-14 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/463/strokies-brandi-de-lafey-outdoor-pov-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/463/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/463/preview.jpg 1009 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/25b0fb172eb540f0025c4752bd063d377262c43457/0/463/463.mp4/ 4.1 42121 2016-04-15 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/462/strokies-brooke-benson-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/462/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/462/preview.jpg 1115 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/52994619fc4ccbf0455a9aeefb94abf3a5f27f86d7/0/462/462.mp4/ 3.9 88187 2016-04-18 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/461/strokies-krystal-orchid-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/461/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/461/preview.jpg 1156 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/6f3f2d2eab255abb1cbf134bda872410f2d56e1721/0/461/461.mp4/ 4.3 82471 2016-04-19 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/460/strokies-amai-liu-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/460/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/460/preview.jpg 987 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/233c315a76c4fafc5885a021d13e170314315adc01/0/460/460.mp4/ 4.1 170150 2016-04-20 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/459/strokies-miley-mae-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/459/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/459/preview.jpg 1003 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/0af09bed6114284804499ff67455105170d463d273/0/459/459.mp4/ 3.9 21015 2016-04-22 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/458/strokies-mia-austin-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/458/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/458/preview.jpg 1251 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/00ca009b074be9952ffaabd83267e798b66474126e/0/458/458.mp4/ 4.0 47244 2016-04-25 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/457/strokies-teen-prisoner-alison-rey-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/457/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/457/preview.jpg 1175 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/3118d83eca1c618cbff3eca0e54a0772136a7d0789/0/457/457.mp4/ 4.1 63471 2016-04-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/456/strokies-violet-monroe-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/456/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/456/preview.jpg 1168 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/7b8e8269db06bc5ed7912837c2af364439b78b78d9/0/456/456.mp4/ 4.1 43679 2016-04-29 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/455/strokies-jenny-jett-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/455/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/455/preview.jpg 1346 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/3f564f7925d4be5d1d5dd52dda1f63714e415fa7c3/0/455/455.mp4/ 4.0 39133 2016-05-03 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/454/strokies-syren-de-mer-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/454/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/454/preview.jpg 1260 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/2805e369a4f4cdc4e9937add0202cd42d9fded27be/0/454/454.mp4/ 4.0 111705 2016-05-06 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/453/strokies-alice-nysm-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/453/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/453/preview.jpg 1117 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/7c5d825da1750474f633976e8b0f7e5344cc02e6d1/0/453/453.mp4/ 4.2 59785 2016-05-11 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/452/strokies-danica-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/452/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/452/preview.jpg 1139 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/1eb0f3c5c058eb43f915428e3b35ae6506f57e9016/0/452/452.mp4/ 3.9 19973 2016-05-13 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/451/strokies-jennifer-dark-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/451/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/451/preview.jpg 1351 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/7eeb2057ccd6184f1714e55cb5a41b6629961943fb/0/451/451.mp4/ 4.3 22252 2016-05-24 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/450/strokies-misty-stone-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/450/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/450/preview.jpg 1274 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/8a38f925c1af63eddab145ceceef718cf0c6081928/0/450/450.mp4/ 4.1 126648 2016-05-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/449/strokies-daisy-monroe-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/449/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/449/preview.jpg 1310 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/20fce3fb186dbeca6f9f14a0f95988d26e28474f46/0/449/449.mp4/ 4.2 13961 2016-05-31 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/448/strokies-devyn-hart-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/448/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/448/preview.jpg 1655 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/59711b755754c15f05722571c22f53491cd80d41bc/0/448/448.mp4/ 3.4 35076 2016-06-03 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/447/strokies-gabriella-lane-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/447/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/447/preview.jpg 1507 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/102be5540f9c5f3b53d59327a38b05bf6a011bb104/0/447/447.mp4/ 4.0 20664 2016-06-10 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/446/strokies-veronica-avluv-handjob-teacher-classroom-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/446/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/446/preview.jpg 1658 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/e3d3bfcd06f48836500b4e7f093b27c16204bef1e9/0/446/446.mp4/ 4.0 257441 2016-06-14 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/445/strokies-vikki-velancorte-and-cherry-morgan-share-a-dick/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/445/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/445/preview.jpg 1595 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/3b66cd2036954d1a6ded29a686b2d956d544eb78c4/0/445/445.mp4/ 4.5 55903 2016-06-18 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/444/strokies-pressley-carter-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/444/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/444/preview.jpg 314 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/21f15210d1bf5ab6c49069da481e3ff0a8bb77cd20/0/444/444.mp4/ 1.5 5215 2016-06-21 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/443/strokies-stevie-lix-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/443/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/443/preview.jpg 1495 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/12700228b2989247ca0089383ec48efa5cb26a5302/0/443/443.mp4/ 3.9 16454 2016-06-28 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/442/strokies-jessa-rhodes-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/442/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/442/preview.jpg 1650 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/3ba898fbc579d0f96eac08e60a4a46f5e45fc259c6/0/442/442.mp4/ 4.1 150985 2016-07-01 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/441/strokies-zaya-cassidy-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/441/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/441/preview.jpg 1337 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/275b5d3efe8be6bd165854beccb0cfa15e36895cef/0/441/441.mp4/ 4.1 88686 2016-07-05 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/440/strokies-dallas-black-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/440/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/440/preview.jpg 1428 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/79a83be7e63b3d5acdb2d6473540db8459047f2110/0/440/440.mp4/ 4.3 29471 2016-07-08 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/439/strokies-lollita-bella-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/439/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/439/preview.jpg 1166 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/4e582bdb0d2603a6ed968fe8fdf48200795c2ed411/0/439/439.mp4/ 3.4 4255 2016-07-12 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/438/strokies-alyssa-lynn-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/438/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/438/preview.jpg 1520 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/f7d8f6f645e1312706e16a3be27fd75d6a7f4be201/0/438/438.mp4/ 4.0 184220 2016-07-15 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/437/strokies-vikki-velancorte-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/437/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/437/preview.jpg 1459 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/b46b30fae651e1e77b899c57391b97ea70fb23d4ab/0/437/437.mp4/ 4.5 15914 2016-07-19 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/436/strokies-lexxxus-adams-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/436/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/436/preview.jpg 1411 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/a96a831ff9aa177edb6ce691daa398374567400503/0/436/436.mp4/ 2.9 245675 2016-07-22 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/435/strokies-chloe-cherry-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/435/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/435/preview.jpg 1555 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/b751f32b70c6fca0eaaaceb9e807e06a6a599ee5dd/0/435/435.mp4/ 4.2 90840 2016-07-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/434/strokies-nicole-bexley-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/434/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/434/preview.jpg 1234 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/bc893c6cf3bac34b7e74d2ad99cfcc1910d3c0ca7e/0/434/434.mp4/ 4.1 85674 2016-07-29 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/433/strokies-helena-price-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/433/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/433/preview.jpg 494 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/f552acbf6a6a20cd9a9d714746ff73c49690690605/0/433/433.mp4/ 4.4 75450 2016-08-02 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/432/strokies-savanna-frye-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/432/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/432/preview.jpg 504 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/c22a6769ad1e9f91011a1b7dbcae23178102002a1e/0/432/432.mp4/ 3.6 7703 2016-08-05 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/431/strokies-katrina-jade-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/431/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/431/preview.jpg 488 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/50d473cd90decd2e6f727e18a952f0f79ef53dfec6/0/431/431.mp4/ 4.0 50381 2016-08-09 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/430/strokies-cindy-starfall-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/430/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/430/preview.jpg 489 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/1ebc536861134f24b34d6cda85c3fbaa71e4741938/0/430/430.mp4/ 4.4 31530 2016-08-12 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/429/strokies-victoria-valencia-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/429/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/429/preview.jpg 502 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/f758e3408c1e2f5c33c51d1ae72316053cb157a20a/0/429/429.mp4/ 3.4 49243 2016-08-19 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/428/strokies-gia-paige-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/428/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/428/preview.jpg 498 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/7056cd2e001e95a0bc2791fdedd9a43a67807a109a/0/428/428.mp4/ 4.3 130379 2016-08-23 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/427/strokies-aaliyah-love-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/427/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/427/preview.jpg 484 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/fcef1a06496379604cd06419e804ee8144422cf94d/0/427/427.mp4/ 3.7 28604 2016-08-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/426/strokies-callie-cyprus-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/426/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/426/preview.jpg 496 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/5d396750e4a2e3fbe6e6e96166d6115a8e333da042/0/426/426.mp4/ 4.3 142460 2016-09-06 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/425/strokies-roxy-nicole-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/425/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/425/preview.jpg 489 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/eff3f9e4f8291f6ee4b816dfa0ac18b3ff0a388279/0/425/425.mp4/ 3.1 19436 2016-09-09 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/424/strokies-jayden-lee-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/424/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/424/preview.jpg 502 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/135405c1902dd9476eae4cc8bcabd11d2e9f617794/0/424/424.mp4/ 3.9 73079 2016-09-13 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/423/strokies-stevie-smith-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/423/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/423/preview.jpg 483 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/bf336b6014e8f71358fce18e94d2bea527437e9b36/0/423/423.mp4/ 3.2 29190 2016-09-16 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/422/strokies-molly-mae-and-kacey-quinn-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/422/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/422/preview.jpg 482 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/a325d55abae39adbaac9e89e281ae06b670f987d7c/0/422/422.mp4/ 4.0 349166 2016-09-20 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/421/strokies-alura-jensen-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/421/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/421/preview.jpg 485 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/46a53828d60f6936bd2af6bece22a6426cc2c05a17/0/421/421.mp4/ 3.9 336427 2016-09-23 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/420/strokies-kacey-quinn-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/420/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/420/preview.jpg 496 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/fb574aa0d7be030d8bc85d584847de32806c2d162b/0/420/420.mp4/ 4.3 115910 2016-09-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/419/strokies-christie-stevens-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/419/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/419/preview.jpg 506 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/042e4eda0b65ec1c617a3197e25d87bb9e51c7433a/0/419/419.mp4/ 4.0 25339 2016-09-30 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/418/strokies-molly-mae-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/418/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/418/preview.jpg 480 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/973f4102d0b04f4c22648c890072a4c04092a042aa/0/418/418.mp4/ 4.2 54056 2016-10-11 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/417/strokies-silvia-saige-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/417/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/417/preview.jpg 482 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/91f435269325a98c86899091eceeadc407a288d060/0/417/417.mp4/ 3.8 47410 2016-10-15 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/416/strokies-arielle-aquinas-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/416/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/416/preview.jpg 494 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/b8652cb70967d4356489fb4f14820d0e4cde5bc2c4/0/416/416.mp4/ 4.2 7030 2016-10-18 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/415/strokies-anastasia-rose-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/415/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/415/preview.jpg 497 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/b8443f9da8e2dbfa380961b826b29e9ce5ab0267f6/0/415/415.mp4/ 4.0 8252 2016-10-21 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/414/strokies-desiree-lopez-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/414/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/414/preview.jpg 490 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/cdacb7a9ba292a8c3d53aa26ead2ef70129488b00e/0/414/414.mp4/ 3.7 11905 2016-11-08 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/413/strokies-lydia-black-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/413/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/413/preview.jpg 522 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/8857ffaf5d0e4d4a73c8ed1d52f10a7706109a11e3/0/413/413.mp4/ 4.1 17076 2016-11-11 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/412/strokies-lexi-luna-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/412/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/412/preview.jpg 515 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/facf1fa4c19a6cc7b78b9885a5d01ecb144420d497/0/412/412.mp4/ 3.9 209899 2016-11-15 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/411/strokies-maria-jade-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/411/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/411/preview.jpg 522 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/3a22e908eac67297ff0c85264a3eef02c1fccc2185/0/411/411.mp4/ 4.5 11008 2016-11-18 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/410/strokies-nyx-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/410/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/410/preview.jpg 485 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/6b4942c49385f5d8c495d8e4a7ce91d89c751ec4e6/0/410/410.mp4/ 3.4 3220 2016-11-22 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/409/strokies-pixie-pie-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/409/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/409/preview.jpg 483 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/2c819ad6f459df22d5eae15055035fb9cce7aa618d/0/409/409.mp4/ 4.1 3682 2016-11-25 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/408/strokies-stefania-mafra-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/408/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/408/preview.jpg 518 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/64b8bd0d6bec9378efd25e3a3f48cd00129db10c38/0/408/408.mp4/ 3.7 13962 2016-11-29 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/407/strokies-hope-harper-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/407/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/407/preview.jpg 509 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/255b8671893ef893c1dfec2686b942d7fc6a93a17c/0/407/407.mp4/ 3.9 36974 2016-12-02 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/406/strokies-karmin-fox-casting-couch-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/406/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/406/preview.jpg 497 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/adb5924d239d92c6f6d1aec2b99a721b9848dd8551/0/406/406.mp4/ 3.7 60036 2016-12-06 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/405/strokies-alex-blake-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/405/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/405/preview.jpg 485 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/9038172f31da750fc158c8388b3331d33fb0e7c1f8/0/405/405.mp4/ 3.5 50899 2016-12-09 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/404/strokies-rachel-raxx-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/404/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/404/preview.jpg 481 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/e45b47242faeceac13bda75f49152f70e89fb5a44f/0/404/404.mp4/ 3.7 46435 2016-12-13 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/403/strokies-karly-baker-and-jamie-marliegh-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/403/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/403/preview.jpg 516 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/400eac3dc89a407581dda2a2d073f9100f68af103d/0/403/403.mp4/ 4.4 23874 2017-01-11 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/402/strokies-bailey-brooke-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/402/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/402/preview.jpg 490 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/ef00c3f377a73aa97e74d28e1971879d8a9b389388/0/402/402.mp4/ 4.0 27901 2017-01-13 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/401/strokies-karly-baker-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/401/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/401/preview.jpg 510 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/a40442879fccd990bac96f93a9d9ecd5b2448c7a40/0/401/401.mp4/ 4.3 25558 2017-01-17 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/400/strokies-audrey-royal-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/400/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/400/preview.jpg 501 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/1a99ac44c39a6e15176993ce778932084a73477ee6/0/400/400.mp4/ 3.6 29730 2017-01-20 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/399/strokies-jamie-marliegh-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/399/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/399/preview.jpg 492 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/af1ae513e1db074efa4dc84f709bf1228907517051/0/399/399.mp4/ 3.2 4655 2017-01-24 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/398/strokies-ashlee-graham-tit-fuck-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/398/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/398/preview.jpg 490 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/13f92fd192f7a7f6d6583650eb4061ab7bf7092b30/0/398/398.mp4/ 4.2 10388 2017-07-15 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/397/strokies-tattooed-teen-emma-hix/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/397/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/397/preview.jpg 497 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/60d0789fc97247e03d1342522c187d1154e81fef4d/0/397/397.mp4/ 3.8 14400 2017-07-16 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/396/strokies-amber-faye-handjob-cum-shot/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/396/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/396/preview.jpg 486 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/a8441d159a4fc40936c05440cf025c5c271ce692c5/0/396/396.mp4/ 3.9 31015 2017-07-17 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/395/strokies-demi-lopez-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/395/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/395/preview.jpg 504 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/b45238f0e22855bbb5a1287602cab4fcdf43050251/0/395/395.mp4/ 4.0 10839 2017-07-18 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/394/strokies-alexa-nova-and-mandy-muse-double-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/394/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/394/preview.jpg 506 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/0dcde5832cd094deec80b91385e47c8343df38fa76/0/394/394.mp4/ 3.9 16556 2017-07-19 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/393/strokies-carolina-sweets-cummy-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/393/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/393/preview.jpg 485 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/63b3efd6c3614a11416aaf08a585ccc075d69dc077/0/393/393.mp4/ 4.0 132488 2017-07-20 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/392/strokies-big-titty-alex-chance-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/392/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/392/preview.jpg 485 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/cb9044d82ba54bef9fc69896d8119a1ecc28027fbf/0/392/392.mp4/ 4.2 27426 2017-07-25 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/391/strokies-bailey-brooke-and-karmin-fox-stroke-a-dildo-and-the-real-thing/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/391/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/391/preview.jpg 498 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/ec26b400c5dcd691fbb489ef74621aa50b76f94379/0/391/391.mp4/ 3.7 67143 2017-08-21 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/390/strokies-after-class-double-handjob-by-carolina-sweets-and-emma-hix/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/390/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/390/preview.jpg 500 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/6f5dfc46d3e75963afb01bd09b86c17fd20ebe97a9/0/390/390.mp4/ 4.5 116916 2017-08-21 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/389/strokies-brittany-shae-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/389/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/389/preview.jpg 480 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/c756515eda162bce3562b98cfe1e2fe11c7ba5acbb/0/389/389.mp4/ 4.4 15054 2017-08-23 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/388/strokies-layla-price-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/388/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/388/preview.jpg 480 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/62810432e45ee1800837f0e44a54fae02f6ae7b88c/0/388/388.mp4/ 4.3 5046 2017-10-23 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/387/strokies-stepmom-simone-garza-teaches-teen-carolina-sweets-how-to-give-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/387/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/387/preview.jpg 495 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/70cc610ed03babc68d22e2d206ae6d36bf94a3451b/0/387/387.mp4/ 3.8 58532 2017-10-23 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/386/strokies-jasmine-summers-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/386/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/386/preview.jpg 482 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/15e37b617cf78ad0d6165edc171a3a968c72d94762/0/386/386.mp4/ 4.3 21130 2017-10-24 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/385/strokies-cali-carter-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/385/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/385/preview.jpg 494 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/9c68ee68a2f26a1a2b87f339c53239bfe8d06e508f/0/385/385.mp4/ 4.1 38812 2017-10-25 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/384/strokies-hope-howell-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/384/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/384/preview.jpg 484 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/d54d036ef64a16a2518f52ec2596dc3e42a09b4c7c/0/384/384.mp4/ 4.0 3026 2017-10-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/383/strokies-alana-summers-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/383/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/383/preview.jpg 480 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/6aa0b5f8eee18d7ecd0a3fe0140ba7b8f6a95f69bc/0/383/383.mp4/ 4.5 39298 2017-10-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/382/strokies-draven-star-and-violet-monroe-double-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/382/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/382/preview.jpg 481 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/7bfd006f5f1415304177043bcb30a9605acd6d154b/0/382/382.mp4/ 3.8 8748 2017-10-28 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/381/strokies-mandy-muse-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/381/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/381/preview.jpg 423 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/4b2560e3604c4255b58431f81687329d064696dde4/0/381/381.mp4/ 4.3 17354 2017-10-29 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/380/strokies-avery-moore-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/380/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/380/preview.jpg 482 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/31b2fb59d2884222da14189ccfd8fbddacde9867ec/0/380/380.mp4/ 3.8 14111 2017-10-30 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/379/strokies-felicity-feline-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/379/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/379/preview.jpg 480 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/ba475222a82ce7c934af42df0245b216afbd3680ec/0/379/379.mp4/ 4.7 35659 2017-10-31 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/378/strokies-amber-ivy-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/378/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/378/preview.jpg 503 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/4ab851ccaba0abab1ec5229194ad92e53cf165d9b4/0/378/378.mp4/ 4.5 19690 2017-11-01 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/377/strokies-janna-hicks-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/377/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/377/preview.jpg 480 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/1bf2b95b43cb660412c9c587c44abc1f87c53bf56b/0/377/377.mp4/ 3.8 9464 2017-11-03 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/376/strokies-cali-carter-and-layla-price-double-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/376/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/376/preview.jpg 483 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/3fe57b8d896235d3573ad0bd9c54a5a30608e62bc2/0/376/376.mp4/ 4.1 29129 2017-11-04 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/375/strokies-eden-sinn-double-fisted-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/375/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/375/preview.jpg 483 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/b3fe4e57268e797b8c276796fa8e5405e2118cb6b1/0/375/375.mp4/ 3.8 5663 2017-11-05 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/374/strokies-jenna-foxx-big-tit-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/374/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/374/preview.jpg 490 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/5943fdfe3e5a7364b28624559b79c508b3a12f5ae3/0/374/374.mp4/ 4.2 8553 2017-11-06 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/373/strokies-draven-star-gothic-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/373/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/373/preview.jpg 491 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/8a64b30d5a8f47ee4023881fe3723207f3a69f976c/0/373/373.mp4/ 4.6 11036 2017-11-07 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/372/strokies-blonde-marilyn-moore-cum-on-braces/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/372/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/372/preview.jpg 493 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/a021e16ffdf39910d5e4b7659cabe55b79099d5311/0/372/372.mp4/ 3.9 6012 2017-11-09 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/371/strokies-redhead-alexa-nova-handjob-and-cumshot/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/371/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/371/preview.jpg 481 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/835e8a485b62da9a42de85fa71c89661464ddc5a59/0/371/371.mp4/ 4.0 3859 2017-11-10 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/370/strokies-zoey-laine-ball-sucking-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/370/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/370/preview.jpg 508 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/5fdd95c058971a1d96bd12f070dc3b8cf93c5b6e9a/0/370/370.mp4/ 4.6 30053 2017-11-11 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/369/strokies-latina-teen-katya-rodriguez-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/369/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/369/preview.jpg 480 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/669cada52744ab8cb1c414ce5d53eea8454f5a83fa/0/369/369.mp4/ 4.4 11056 2017-11-12 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/368/strokies-ebony-nia-cummins-cummy-tits-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/368/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/368/preview.jpg 480 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/5d1f03f75c7914809ea6b3e49bf907ddde1b3abb55/0/368/368.mp4/ 4.0 2213 2017-11-13 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/367/strokies-carmen-valentina-cum-in-mouth-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/367/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/367/preview.jpg 510 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/062a414a94f68e4b408d03d525e90b51b02870bf14/0/367/367.mp4/ 3.4 28770 2017-11-14 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/366/strokies-reagan-lush-cum-in-mouth-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/366/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/366/preview.jpg 494 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/5873e2e2714c76aeeddb6e268f900c2f8f8d5393a1/0/366/366.mp4/ 4.4 47406 2017-11-15 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/365/strokies-jasmine-summers-and-katya-rodriguez-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/365/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/365/preview.jpg 496 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/55c82ef539fa1f688a1825ee43982c66ca5d3a4f23/0/365/365.mp4/ 4.3 14973 2017-11-17 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/364/strokies-riley-reyes-handjob-til-facial/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/364/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/364/preview.jpg 486 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/f18a78831e039473c6345a994a3d91c6cc37adde4a/0/364/364.mp4/ 4.3 7405 2017-11-18 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/363/petite-trinity-st-clair-s-cum-covered-hands/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/363/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/363/preview.jpg 497 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/465664b219fb7fd87eeb075d59f65016a366bbb6e4/0/363/363.mp4/ 4.2 3670 2017-11-19 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/362/strokies-anastasia-rose-and-farrah-alexandra-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/362/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/362/preview.jpg 480 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/55cbbce758241392615d05b7d197640d9dc1ed04c4/0/362/362.mp4/ 4.3 10048 2017-11-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/361/goth-charlotte-sartre-handjob-for-strokies/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/361/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/361/preview.jpg 513 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/4d46dc8b8fd325a6465981b5080131767d38178ba4/0/361/361.mp4/ 4.7 12812 2017-12-02 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/360/strokies-handjob-with-submissive-farrah-alexandra/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/360/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/360/preview.jpg 498 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/eacd96d51841722f8ff3c0f0a2e1c7d247f9416d1c/0/360/360.mp4/ 4.0 2770 2017-12-02 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/359/latina-luna-leve-twerks-booty-then-strokes/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/359/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/359/preview.jpg 524 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/dee8bc1776f39df57e5c54214a25b82fe9f6ef5db5/0/359/359.mp4/ 4.6 7572 2017-12-05 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/358/naughty-slut-brandi-de-lafey-strokes-til-facial/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/358/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/358/preview.jpg 496 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/7e22a8dd2919d90e83ea0c0678b50a4f30d83b7e52/0/358/358.mp4/ 4.6 7852 2017-12-06 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/357/twerk-queen-carmen-caliente-strokies/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/357/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/357/preview.jpg 531 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/3b3095c9d8eff7c76f219ef120d99b36553e19935b/0/357/357.mp4/ 4.4 7141 2017-12-08 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/356/alana-and-charlotte-stroke-dick-together/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/356/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/356/preview.jpg 509 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/2a2c02d4bfb27c44ffdc3ec9b859d4c17bef63df02/0/356/356.mp4/ 4.5 24275 2017-12-19 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/355/dana-cross-strokies-handjob-and-cum/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/355/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/355/preview.jpg 490 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/6adeefe03b3070fdafaccb69035048944a36cf110a/0/355/355.mp4/ 3.5 1657 2017-12-20 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/354/asian-kimberly-chi-strokes-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/354/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/354/preview.jpg 481 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/022aee9be67e2db0620bc6537c22053bfe89dcd7fe/0/354/354.mp4/ 4.2 12585 2017-12-20 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/353/strokies-handjob-from-ziggy-star/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/353/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/353/preview.jpg 485 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/d6ac54d0ac2ba069eebd98f7d0f84cb388cce890fa/0/353/353.mp4/ 4.2 13258 2017-12-23 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/352/ebony-queen-amethyst-banks-strokes-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/352/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/352/preview.jpg 484 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/caf6aa10d524f73d0254a91e3e0bae3a0729ce39fb/0/352/352.mp4/ 3.8 8785 2017-12-24 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/351/handjob-queen-sarah-vandella-pumps-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/351/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/351/preview.jpg 491 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/8f90152dedb9891f41b2fb5b062a55023cb778b372/0/351/351.mp4/ 4.5 42846 2017-12-24 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/350/jessica-winters-tittfuck-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/350/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/350/preview.jpg 499 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/45654a6e1fff56f2fe0dff3370ca0452482ad86929/0/350/350.mp4/ 4.4 14484 2017-12-25 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/349/nerdy-nickey-huntsman-strokies-handjob-til-cum/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/349/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/349/preview.jpg 485 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/d146e758d935cfc3476cfb3365f9dd6786dc195dc2/0/349/349.mp4/ 4.5 16355 2017-12-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/348/handjob-compilation-video-with-anxious-cock-starved-teens/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/348/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/348/preview.jpg 479 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/17b419c7a1a2ab417e20b227ebef8e2ea88a31b51b/0/348/348.mp4/ 2.5 1448 2018-09-24 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/347/teen-handjob-compilation/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/347/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/347/preview.jpg 470 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/47c5cce824e5a5f236d5ae082219f784d74b21e6e9/0/347/347.mp4/ 2.6 17255 2018-09-24 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/346/private-teen-handjob-compilation/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/346/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/346/preview.jpg 436 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/248fac6e9c208397232f12d38854ed5c37ccc1279a/0/346/346.mp4/ 2.4 10754 2018-09-24 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/345/amateur-teen-handjob-compilation/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/345/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/345/preview.jpg 371 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/a3fbcf12fa2dad3ed0b13132ed07616a9729649083/0/345/345.mp4/ 3.5 5166 2018-09-24 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/344/college-girls-handjob-compilation/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/344/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/344/preview.jpg 477 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/7a6b1d16789f9c6d4e7b7be3f8ba9bd50a5b044dc1/0/344/344.mp4/ 3.1 10346 2018-09-24 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/343/missy-martinez-arrested-and-jerks-cops-cock-with-cumshot-on-her-big-tits/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/343/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/343/preview.jpg 496 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/adba54d671e86994a18b96b41823c1268263f7b758/0/343/343.mp4/ 3.9 7536 2019-01-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/342/busty-candi-coxx-gives-handjob-titty-fucked-and-facialized/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/342/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/342/preview.jpg 494 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/0f94ff8c97f0c8a980e70450666246ef3a6a847a8d/0/342/342.mp4/ 4.4 1994 2019-01-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/341/blonde-football-fan-carmen-caliente-caught-in-locker-room-and-jerks-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/341/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/341/preview.jpg 494 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/b0d85ef78c5e993a0b614c03f5c76051e4fa6fc4f5/0/341/341.mp4/ 4.2 2218 2019-01-28 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/340/busty-milf-charlee-chase-jerks-cock-and-takes-cumload-over-her-huge-tits/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/340/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/340/preview.jpg 494 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/50df8c135cd7a3ba112479dc0b2c6549cac39fd56f/0/340/340.mp4/ 4.6 165220 2019-01-28 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/339/cherry-morgan-and-dakota-charms-jerk-cock-while-smoking-cigars/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/339/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/339/preview.jpg 495 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/04e86b42430a0b02dd6aa6c32fd765cc7b15c4251b/0/339/339.mp4/ 4.4 7706 2019-01-28 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/338/girlfriend-chrissy-gives-boyfriend-with-big-cock-handjob-and-gets-facial/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/338/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/338/preview.jpg 494 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/ab826c092ab788da87da93102a0f0746996967a3e4/0/338/338.mp4/ 3.9 5145 2019-01-28 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/337/teen-dakota-charms-jerks-stepdads-cock-pov-to-get-hands-on-experience-and-facial/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/337/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/337/preview.jpg 500 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/2ce8012bba427e93d614344c23bd6a89d54e63a784/0/337/337.mp4/ 4.5 34247 2019-01-28 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/336/jazzy-and-miatsu-kumiko-teasing-cock-while-giving-handjob-cumshot/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/336/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/336/preview.jpg 496 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/1acc334971785e5d393920ecdb590243f6b543533a/0/336/336.mp4/ 4.4 37001 2019-01-28 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/335/redhead-jessica-ryan-gives-handjob-and-begs-for-more-cock-before-cum-on-tit/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/335/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/335/preview.jpg 494 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/86a4cf36e7f91a93575e33950af9de0c3e3303937e/0/335/335.mp4/ 4.7 26952 2019-01-28 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/334/strokies-ashlynn-taylor-strips-and-teases-cock-for-valentines-day/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/334/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/334/preview.jpg 501 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/e06ebb092ef26928a4332568c8fb460aadd70eefc4/0/334/334.mp4/ 3.4 30674 2019-02-12 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/333/teasing-dick-kissing-brunette-mandy-muse-gives-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/333/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/333/preview.jpg 437 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/41b5aa59c2bc89b988a481b09323ffb9ad716554ab/0/333/333.mp4/ 4.5 5243 2019-02-25 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/332/thick-cock-jerking-redhead-avery-s-cum-soaked-tits/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/332/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/332/preview.jpg 496 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/19ca94e6b6e307015605497ee9a698a906fa9b106b/0/332/332.mp4/ 3.4 13538 2019-02-25 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/331/tattooed-goddess-felicity-feline-s-nut-licking-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/331/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/331/preview.jpg 494 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/fb3dd2ca022924b31240a5c49ab6e228ed195f29f5/0/331/331.mp4/ 4.6 10980 2019-02-25 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/330/intense-ball-sucking-handjob-with-tattooed-redhead-amber-ivy/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/330/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/330/preview.jpg 517 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/af25f412b19d4b7c2527f1c245b12e1ab7d17d3db1/0/330/330.mp4/ 3.6 10748 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/329/janna-hicks-jerks-cock-between-big-fake-tits-and-it-squirts/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/329/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/329/preview.jpg 494 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/e630da3e9e549eef0598d13fa8faa2c897587e3202/0/329/329.mp4/ 3.8 11974 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/328/stroking-and-titty-fucking-blondes-cali-carter-and-layla-price/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/328/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/328/preview.jpg 497 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/72921a892aacd66656f2dc98ac90f96bc4eef113af/0/328/328.mp4/ 4.6 8145 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/327/eden-sin-masturbates-during-a-hot-ball-licking-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/327/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/327/preview.jpg 497 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/1a7f6b17281465511e901a583351e89811d48fb866/0/327/327.mp4/ 4.3 29774 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/326/jenna-foxx-s-gloriously-big-ebony-titty-fucking-stroke/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/326/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/326/preview.jpg 505 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/a019bf91048fd10dddbd62715ad934eca5c9d3031a/0/326/326.mp4/ 4.1 10558 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/325/draven-star-s-glasses-full-of-cum-in-ball-sucking-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/325/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/325/preview.jpg 505 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/bdc52aac585a80a8869fb8c530f5a080ce4c50873e/0/325/325.mp4/ 4.8 3241 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/324/marilyn-moore-pumps-cum-on-braces/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/324/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/324/preview.jpg 508 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/04e2894d8c3c14248aeb0da1e65287ab176e442889/0/324/324.mp4/ 4.2 3648 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/323/redhead-alexa-nova-handjob-facial/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/323/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/323/preview.jpg 495 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/8310b453ae020421f47f85629591dc2af6a6127e45/0/323/323.mp4/ 3.1 3763 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/322/skinny-zoey-laine-cummy-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/322/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/322/preview.jpg 522 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/a85a8754af5cead504f0acd4ecd83681e83ad9b051/0/322/322.mp4/ 4.5 41351 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/321/petite-latina-katya-rodriguez-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/321/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/321/preview.jpg 495 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/ca55925f6fa2a9128cf12aaa150d6d4ab24238aac2/0/321/321.mp4/ 4.7 9380 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/320/nia-cummins-dick-squeezing-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/320/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/320/preview.jpg 494 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/5e3dbdeb313f57768a5c54d2b4158040d33c46a36f/0/320/320.mp4/ 3.8 1690 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/319/carmen-valentina-ball-sucking-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/319/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/319/preview.jpg 524 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/85ebce07c3183c07699b06ee67e6c9d73566a18727/0/319/319.mp4/ 3.1 2428 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/318/reagan-lush-ball-sucking-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/318/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/318/preview.jpg 508 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/cd5c150407afdb5cef0c79e0c72cbc10d9901ad2d2/0/318/318.mp4/ 4.3 32571 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/317/jasmine-summers-and-katya-rodriguez-teen-double-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/317/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/317/preview.jpg 510 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/04ea22a6fb90a54df06eae64aa4aad1a3d333c923a/0/317/317.mp4/ 4.5 26388 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/316/riley-reyes-handjob-til-facial/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/316/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/316/preview.jpg 501 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/80ad0d8c47dcd97f478e6d538a91ece4870c8518a8/0/316/316.mp4/ 3.9 3113 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/315/petite-trinity-st-clair-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/315/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/315/preview.jpg 511 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/7ba6ec073fd475028492d8d0545053a03998a625f4/0/315/315.mp4/ 3.9 2918 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/314/charlotte-sartre-gothic-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/314/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/314/preview.jpg 527 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/1b16314a27d9b9618bfbc95ddaf72b3406d02c1bbf/0/314/314.mp4/ 4.4 30472 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/313/submissive-teen-farrah-alexandra-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/313/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/313/preview.jpg 512 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/a82b8f622168d29824e97a73b1635400a36eb0040c/0/313/313.mp4/ 4.0 1311 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/312/audrey-royal-and-brooke-bliss-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/312/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/312/preview.jpg 542 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/fca5a794285cd2d0fee1bcc96063d27fde17ea217e/0/312/312.mp4/ 4.4 17088 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/311/luna-leve-twerking-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/311/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/311/preview.jpg 538 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/bb2dd7737ad9e9034cf0c17429f2b39c6f0760f897/0/311/311.mp4/ 4.6 5733 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/310/brandi-de-lafey-facial-after-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/310/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/310/preview.jpg 510 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/ab050267f412bd627b38506f2b8d3bf48d8fa60431/0/310/310.mp4/ 4.2 8169 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/309/carmen-caliente-jerks-cum-on-panties/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/309/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/309/preview.jpg 545 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/9c2363f03ee6ac17370af4b13fe49c041eefcc643c/0/309/309.mp4/ 3.8 4236 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/308/charlotte-sartre-and-alana-summers-jerk-cum-on-tits/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/308/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/308/preview.jpg 523 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/6c0ceae5c5f39155434b56a06dbbe28c8c9f069141/0/308/308.mp4/ 4.7 52437 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/307/tattoed-dana-cross-cummy-tits/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/307/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/307/preview.jpg 504 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/3a13ef96a4dc3dfe1f6879672b00bc92b51354024b/0/307/307.mp4/ 4.5 6850 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/306/kinky-asian-kimberly-chi-fierce-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/306/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/306/preview.jpg 495 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/88fd3dd6fcd4033159ca78ef863107416d5721c995/0/306/306.mp4/ 4.5 5634 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/305/cum-hungry-ziggy-star-pov-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/305/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/305/preview.jpg 499 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/34f242f79960eefe612a26d1623b384ca92480fbf5/0/305/305.mp4/ 4.3 10505 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/304/amethyst-banks-pumps-cum-on-tits/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/304/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/304/preview.jpg 498 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/a5e623d90ad52278af08fb2312716c16e46e021342/0/304/304.mp4/ 4.4 5113 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/303/bubbly-sarah-vandella-plays-with-balls/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/303/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/303/preview.jpg 505 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/34eada246659badfd1b79ec698fd9485a4981950d4/0/303/303.mp4/ 3.8 6769 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/302/jessica-winters-very-first-pov-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/302/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/302/preview.jpg 513 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/670e530309f6b05988f842f583f677a2fee53aff34/0/302/302.mp4/ 4.5 7709 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/301/nerdy-nickey-huntsman-jizzed-on-glasses/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/301/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/301/preview.jpg 499 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/cbfd5bfaf7c5e3343ee97bc5febe69785f8920e1b5/0/301/301.mp4/ 4.5 27692 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/300/fetish-model-audrey-noir-first-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/300/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/300/preview.jpg 516 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/1f480c0f78bcf69dada3261b2f80ff5d732fcda6d8/0/300/300.mp4/ 4.5 10443 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/299/liv-revamped-cheers-for-hot-cum-load/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/299/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/299/preview.jpg 508 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/b2eb87d963315f3388460f7b41b0b55cdf1964c8f2/0/299/299.mp4/ 4.4 6883 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/298/tutor-veronica-avluv-teaches-teen-liv-revamped-a-handjob-lesson/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/298/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/298/preview.jpg 510 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/2cb6991c78777f2622912cdc44e71a35c1bbdf7f53/0/298/298.mp4/ 4.5 6709 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/297/young-joseline-kelly-begs-for-a-facial/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/297/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/297/preview.jpg 502 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/a95e3c78902357f231b31c89bccd641352fe1def17/0/297/297.mp4/ 4.2 10270 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/296/shy-cassidy-bliss-shows-bush-and-strokes/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/296/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/296/preview.jpg 541 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/14852ff0327560ed1714433cf28d53df1f24494ac6/0/296/296.mp4/ 4.2 29470 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/295/exotic-rose-darling-is-a-super-bad-girl/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/295/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/295/preview.jpg 539 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/1ef9e0bf3bd6a3c49e1c8ae48229f5bdedae94dfd2/0/295/295.mp4/ 4.1 12259 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/294/redhead-ariel-blue-gives-his-cum-a-taste/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/294/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/294/preview.jpg 450 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/d14777e546f862c573651c3ad6dc75db6e8d82b4a7/0/294/294.mp4/ 2.7 1398 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/293/kylie-foxx-s-hair-pulled-during-stroking/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/293/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/293/preview.jpg 520 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/e727b2b1066821762ceab579f411c27cb30fb0212a/0/293/293.mp4/ 3.8 2634 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/292/double-handjob-by-riley-reyes-and-alexa-raye/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/292/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/292/preview.jpg 541 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/c02ee248681c45ab5bdf1f575d3654ab34c4ac1b87/0/292/292.mp4/ 4.4 16732 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/291/birthday-boy-receives-a-special-handjob-from-sarah-vandella-and-gabrielle-lane/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/291/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/291/preview.jpg 529 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/27703c85d1a7e14d574fd558a1312aeef7b126a3c7/0/291/291.mp4/ 4.6 47393 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/290/naughty-teen-girl-lily-jordan-chin-jizzed/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/290/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/290/preview.jpg 515 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/5bf7c5d9951e03e0475d03e5799253fba05bd8b146/0/290/290.mp4/ 4.4 20093 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/289/milf-ryder-skye-strokes-like-a-champ/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/289/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/289/preview.jpg 496 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/3e850de8f1875d592b1d12dad78985ad8f7288a5cc/0/289/289.mp4/ 4.5 8988 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/288/exotic-maya-morena-gets-sprayed-with-jizz/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/288/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/288/preview.jpg 521 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/399f19f22c8d59282ae7f70e2f7241ba67756be6c8/0/288/288.mp4/ 4.6 17620 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/287/nerdy-kinsley-eden-hand-pleases-him-right/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/287/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/287/preview.jpg 500 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/6c11c57a0c2d80f1fc6b8ca118f31cc13172bf96c5/0/287/287.mp4/ 4.4 23163 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/286/exotic-pov-handjob-by-amethyst-banks-and-maya-morena/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/286/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/286/preview.jpg 522 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/4b03c7f63f9de0a6d82e5aaaa90f78ddc4a6095693/0/286/286.mp4/ 4.6 24328 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/285/sloppy-handjob-from-punk-girl-kacie-castle/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/285/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/285/preview.jpg 502 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/c83ad67056e66fb53e2fcf73f9de367744f097c8d7/0/285/285.mp4/ 4.7 8370 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/284/brooke-haze-gets-cum-all-over-her-chest/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/284/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/284/preview.jpg 510 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/7025ceeec39eaa0c112c663974dfbc7dec2948b0d5/0/284/284.mp4/ 4.5 28240 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/283/sensual-first-time-handjob-for-lily/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/283/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/283/preview.jpg 497 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/a59fe688db3cacf3b05b76ed8d2e1de923938b3e80/0/283/283.mp4/ 3.9 2799 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/282/curvy-raquel-love-s-hot-pov-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/282/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/282/preview.jpg 525 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/dd05767c8696bcdd50dc519035eb0f55c1dfef42f6/0/282/282.mp4/ 4.3 30734 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/281/unique-paige-pierce-jizzed-on-inked-boobs/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/281/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/281/preview.jpg 540 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/c2be8da02f0184aeb10a1069e82176699212f8e65d/0/281/281.mp4/ 4.1 5590 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/280/adorable-ebony-loni-legend-jerks-him-off/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/280/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/280/preview.jpg 516 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/0afc9a6e1f7565aab64e622684ff227dea96117ec1/0/280/280.mp4/ 4.7 13609 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/279/pink-haired-taylor-spits-and-strokes/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/279/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/279/preview.jpg 527 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/8cabc32828bf4cded7a1bf5179c275d0e4fbc0d5b2/0/279/279.mp4/ 4.4 1293 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/278/naughty-teacher-laura-coryander-strokes/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/278/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/278/preview.jpg 553 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/945fdb16f7cbc4901324bf6e31ba889949c0dd970a/0/278/278.mp4/ 3.1 1676 2019-02-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/277/leyla-bounces-her-big-tits-jerks-him-off/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/277/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/277/preview.jpg 507 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/d3cd89e203461c1eb305d5abc7b6d77e1c9f845b92/0/277/277.mp4/ 4.6 46543 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/276/cute-pussy-zen-cat-gets-sprayed-with-cum/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/276/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/276/preview.jpg 510 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/6597773bfb4401d7f531ac3261dee91e16eba71ca2/0/276/276.mp4/ 4.4 10100 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/275/bootylicious-blonde-chloe-white-stokes-moans/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/275/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/275/preview.jpg 502 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/fae1fb193d3d909591a7525544d3d62c612f5ee2e9/0/275/275.mp4/ 4.6 3382 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/274/redhead-nicca-agape-experiences-a-facial/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/274/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/274/preview.jpg 507 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/a530185944fae34c9ebf194a6ea5a457cca24a038d/0/274/274.mp4/ 4.6 2888 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/273/ebony-babe-nova-does-him-with-passion/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/273/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/273/preview.jpg 509 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/e363b94d92f7a2c383d96dda2d30f159731ab031df/0/273/273.mp4/ 4.5 1440 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/272/taylor-paige-pierce-double-handjob-surprise/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/272/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/272/preview.jpg 495 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/0423da4cb833c4fafc4f52f0c5d7df903b17de167d/0/272/272.mp4/ 4.1 4783 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/271/warm-cock-cream-hunt-for-randi-the-hunter/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/271/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/271/preview.jpg 508 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/f4bc4f693bbe66a4a1b05e9fa96adad6e230de6f60/0/271/271.mp4/ 4.3 1546 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/270/teacher-helena-price-and-student-avery-tyler-do-well-with-a-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/270/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/270/preview.jpg 525 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/e3194d0c58aede089ab9cda7eb0ab7bc93a965524b/0/270/270.mp4/ 4.4 16528 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/269/schoolgirl-sadie-holmes-strokes-her-teacher/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/269/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/269/preview.jpg 502 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/889c321b4d94a32b43a5e8ab89f28c07120bd5e053/0/269/269.mp4/ 4.7 68941 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/268/rebecca-vanguard-gives-him-his-first-pool-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/268/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/268/preview.jpg 494 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/6e0cb76a9f7ba1dc03efc238cfce1b4e9fe7f05f41/0/268/268.mp4/ 4.2 1982 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/267/ebony-goodness-bellah-dahl-receives-facial/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/267/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/267/preview.jpg 505 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/2667040e0292049bfc7efa078c2ed7fb90c0a60e36/0/267/267.mp4/ 3.9 39577 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/266/april-dawn-with-a-pov-handjob-for-life/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/266/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/266/preview.jpg 532 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/773ef47fc7531917515b03a3109bfba0121a4ee9ae/0/266/266.mp4/ 4.3 40767 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/265/nadia-white-is-the-dirtiest-blonde-stroker/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/265/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/265/preview.jpg 504 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/1ccb0cfefbeae037a368f8ad353cf3ac5d8543fae9/0/265/265.mp4/ 4.3 18026 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/264/jae-lynn-loves-pleasing-you-in-the-kitchen/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/264/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/264/preview.jpg 535 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/c1ed7e6662643e42d652a649c1b9cdc09539ad0c19/0/264/264.mp4/ 4.5 10187 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/263/maria-jade-is-an-italian-jerk-off-machine/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/263/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/263/preview.jpg 547 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/7cb703c005489a41920fc96a7d7499225096fad08c/0/263/263.mp4/ 4.3 47182 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/262/amber-love-offers-titjob-and-pov-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/262/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/262/preview.jpg 532 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/96b777d11a1563ca720b3568518e77c8305c1c26cb/0/262/262.mp4/ 4.3 1728 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/261/ashlynn-taylor-is-the-best-birthday-present/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/261/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/261/preview.jpg 534 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/291a542bb617cff180a545d1559ba5e17997cbb30b/0/261/261.mp4/ 4.4 18185 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/260/wonder-woman-alison-rey-teases-pleases/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/260/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/260/preview.jpg 538 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/1bf59fac46e74fbada7e68b9e80ca69f34023fd942/0/260/260.mp4/ 4.1 14205 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/259/tara-ashley-is-your-naughty-princess-jasmin/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/259/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/259/preview.jpg 537 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/15bca90559e6b260fe9ae04e03d780b526ea988363/0/259/259.mp4/ 4.1 33750 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/258/bubbly-sadie-pop-s-first-time-pov-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/258/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/258/preview.jpg 505 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/c07ef10564a95f2981983f72fa1c76bb87979e4337/0/258/258.mp4/ 4.5 46403 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/257/adriana-chechik-s-messiest-pov-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/257/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/257/preview.jpg 529 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/5692582f0b6b01996a3dee47c46c9a2df18303bd2a/0/257/257.mp4/ 4.6 43317 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/256/ebony-ariana-aimes-adores-fist-fucking/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/256/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/256/preview.jpg 535 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/43c11896961fc70627e1eb5813dc30a62bc97fa98d/0/256/256.mp4/ 4.4 30820 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/255/kat-monroe-is-always-ready-to-jerk-you-off/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/255/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/255/preview.jpg 534 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/214406b6d0f191bf4e5f8d4d4460f48449073e2e92/0/255/255.mp4/ 4.4 42683 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/254/exotic-teen-aria-skye-s-1st-class-tug-job/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/254/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/254/preview.jpg 519 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/c30d2a46c2e640e47acecbeea2ef5d5e08205a8b9d/0/254/254.mp4/ 4.6 6441 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/253/eden-sin-and-ziggy-star-make-teacher-bust/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/253/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/253/preview.jpg 541 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/e9e4eebe9f31d68afbcaa2bb807b3700c99ca66528/0/253/253.mp4/ 4.5 28697 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/252/scarlet-de-sade-has-the-nastiest-attitude/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/252/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/252/preview.jpg 539 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/89bf18369ead0540ee8fa426372239eede8b89cbde/0/252/252.mp4/ 4.6 8796 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/251/hime-marie-teases-pleases-stepdad-s-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/251/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/251/preview.jpg 512 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/e7677ab91d52c5ad266d54107010d30aca42bb4204/0/251/251.mp4/ 4.4 17766 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/250/bookworm-jericha-jem-jizzed-on-glasses/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/250/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/250/preview.jpg 532 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/77fd8a6c7f04d1f85d12f4fe68729d7ddd208954f9/0/250/250.mp4/ 4.5 10695 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/249/strokies-nina-hartley-gives-professional-pov-handjob-lessons/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/249/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/249/preview.jpg 532 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/a81635c96a71ccd2aa0d416dfc7ccf0b6667549ac7/0/249/249.mp4/ 4.2 91893 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/248/fallon-west-and-alex-more-double-pov-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/248/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/248/preview.jpg 517 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/2f967ecc776a39f92e7a738ef24f0f40e9fa49d60e/0/248/248.mp4/ 4.7 36417 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/247/sarah-vandella-wanks-officer-s-stiff-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/247/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/247/preview.jpg 497 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/bf3b873b02fe6289f9058986ae0ca375d9ba2c46a1/0/247/247.mp4/ 4.0 32508 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/246/alice-coxxx-strokes-cock-to-perfection-pov/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/246/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/246/preview.jpg 497 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/3282d3ee642c5e86bf5d806ba05d293a40fd8630a8/0/246/246.mp4/ 4.6 4272 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/245/april-snow-s-first-ever-pov-handjob-sesh/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/245/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/245/preview.jpg 563 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/cc948099ffecc7ed107c4abe792093b09318f6fb86/0/245/245.mp4/ 4.5 46392 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/244/mandy-muse-jerks-officer-off-for-soup/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/244/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/244/preview.jpg 542 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/8f0c37724576bb108ced2228e582e4a87450ca4866/0/244/244.mp4/ 4.2 10934 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/243/rachael-cavalli-strokes-and-titty-fucks/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/243/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/243/preview.jpg 542 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/f4fdc0e0449997164b6678d6810b583d52f6c8ed1a/0/243/243.mp4/ 4.2 15185 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/242/tara-ashley-and-lexi-mansfield-fist-pump-principal/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/242/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/242/preview.jpg 523 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/26d583fbb1a2bad4227e8c107a6b442acac3bf2c96/0/242/242.mp4/ 4.4 18643 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/241/jade-kush-silently-strokes-for-jizz-pov/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/241/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/241/preview.jpg 526 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/b179aaedc3d2abdf097b4133227fecec81b3ec7c20/0/241/241.mp4/ 4.5 39564 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/240/ember-snow-is-too-excited-for-the-cumshot/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/240/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/240/preview.jpg 541 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/95e4344b376ce55cfc94f0975e8dfe563d2a432beb/0/240/240.mp4/ 4.4 55823 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/239/skinny-teen-karter-foxx-strokes-big-cock-pov/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/239/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/239/preview.jpg 494 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/f853c1cc1281d17e104a849be830c2cd4c1502fbd4/0/239/239.mp4/ 4.3 9999 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/238/ziggy-star-swallows-after-pov-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/238/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/238/preview.jpg 499 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/a2b1ea9552b8907e3cc16b1df535c5241817f65871/0/238/238.mp4/ 4.7 9747 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/237/tattooed-della-dane-strokes-for-facial/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/237/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/237/preview.jpg 507 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/f2576b0c7ee452cd07817f6cb5a821d887281c13cd/0/237/237.mp4/ 4.5 7539 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/236/trinity-st-clair-and-anya-ivy-stroke-for-the-win/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/236/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/236/preview.jpg 512 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/b3f7bf5555e33e4939f268421f0d7d4725609c1067/0/236/236.mp4/ 4.4 14045 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/235/sheena-ryder-is-glasses-wearing-stroker/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/235/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/235/preview.jpg 522 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/42f1619b030f870844fa59b5b9f2a115d7c7e2ed71/0/235/235.mp4/ 4.0 38732 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/234/strokies-jewels-vega-19-yr-old-party-girl-who-loves-handjobs/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/234/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/234/preview.jpg 494 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/5ea27bf722e8c35cf873d35b1411873e3bb2b64d21/0/234/234.mp4/ 4.3 13202 2019-02-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/233/asian-schoolgirl-ember-snow-gets-a-facial/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/233/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/233/preview.jpg 503 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/4f5db71655cf5ba2ebcb39155dae9b7fdbc1f3f9df/0/233/233.mp4/ 4.3 80619 2019-03-08 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/232/luna-leve-is-back-to-stroke-some-more-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/232/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/232/preview.jpg 503 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/d35b2cb4530a65e2acb80f16056bdee0e46d79c548/0/232/232.mp4/ 4.0 5031 2019-03-08 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/231/april-snow-and-joseline-kelly-double-pov-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/231/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/231/preview.jpg 537 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/96acdc99a50349863d77c0b6182b8199adeab67749/0/231/231.mp4/ 3.8 67700 2019-03-08 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/230/fallon-west-fist-fucks-until-facialized/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/230/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/230/preview.jpg 498 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/b35186903bb7acc07c47ace5fa02d773b59f0544f4/0/230/230.mp4/ 4.0 28941 2019-03-11 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/229/holly-hendrix-is-the-squirting-cock-stroker/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/229/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/229/preview.jpg 497 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/dca09a07b357f5efa2625228bfa20ed4e284f3a3fd/0/229/229.mp4/ 4.0 41867 2019-03-16 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/228/sexy-leprechaun-april-snow-strokes-dick-on-saint-patrick-s-day/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/228/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/228/preview.jpg 529 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/21422ad1694d1408ba2a58ad24d7533ac6a2021e6b/0/228/228.mp4/ 3.9 29933 2019-03-19 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/227/strokies-alora-jaymes-suck-you-dry-without-missing-even-a-single-drop/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/227/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/227/preview.jpg 479 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/4df18c2c3efb46ea7b849bb1049f2dddea2e05c09c/0/227/227.mp4/ 4.7 17225 2019-04-02 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/226/kendra-heart-come-from-florida-to-spit-on-your-dick-and-suck-your-balls/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/226/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/226/preview.jpg 491 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/1c6eba276c9c6019c24ac20becaab10b9ec4d1f8e4/0/226/226.mp4/ 4.8 7568 2019-04-04 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/225/strokies-tattooed-sophia-grace-gives-sloppy-pov-handjob-performance/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/225/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/225/preview.jpg 481 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/9400ddca8479cd4d7a39d60780857ad24c7af6ca6c/0/225/225.mp4/ 4.3 7319 2019-04-04 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/224/strokies-petite-blonde-teen-riley-star-eager-for-cum/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/224/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/224/preview.jpg 489 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/018941a93e94d15e8f2802d78989fba71cb03889bc/0/224/224.mp4/ 4.1 54286 2019-08-30 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/223/strokies-nia-nacci-stroking-cock-till-facial/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/223/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/223/preview.jpg 489 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/055d89b9a322929dcdde870c6c7a32508cfbd12be8/0/223/223.mp4/ 4.5 20387 2019-09-01 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/222/strokies-petite-latina-katya-rodriguez-stroking-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/222/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/222/preview.jpg 928 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/e5c59e27e7ed08190e6fa8df508950e666fb4b6c61/0/222/222.mp4/ 4.1 63511 2019-09-01 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/221/strokies-petite-teen-kenzie-madison-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/221/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/221/preview.jpg 487 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/6539b99778048813c77333f764820c4bd43661b235/0/221/221.mp4/ 4.1 48830 2019-09-03 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/220/strokies-tiny-skinny-teen-aria-haze-strokes-older-cock-for-facial/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/220/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/220/preview.jpg 492 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/6a60385a806f3d60f8cdcd3901ff5ef08dea56df6c/0/220/220.mp4/ 4.6 62783 2019-09-04 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/219/strokies-the-best-handjob-compilation-you-ll-ever-watch/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/219/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/219/preview.jpg 605 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/319da38f7ffbd7af36da5384c88646da1ac6f9bdee/0/219/219.mp4/ 3.3 180645 2019-09-05 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/218/strokies-petite-harmony-wonder-amazing-pov-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/218/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/218/preview.jpg 491 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/d38be2527136ab23edbb9928d365eabea2c1252fa2/0/218/218.mp4/ 4.7 71278 2019-09-06 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/217/strokies-pawg-daisy-stone-pov-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/217/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/217/preview.jpg 493 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/20374a97391e16d24519eaf3b6b5eb16f6a8bb3592/0/217/217.mp4/ 4.6 22236 2019-09-12 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/216/strokies-busty-latina-carolina-cortez-gets-cum-all-over-tits/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/216/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/216/preview.jpg 498 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/5ed8dd4afe6392143eb3b057145a0d81239cae4142/0/216/216.mp4/ 4.3 21457 2019-09-13 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/215/strokies-kinsley-anne-pov-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/215/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/215/preview.jpg 490 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/1e0d3a85248b36ee137cbd9a5dcdb35a96dff39ce3/0/215/215.mp4/ 4.0 8928 2019-09-16 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/214/strokies-milf-london-river-pov-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/214/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/214/preview.jpg 488 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/ac740542167ebf826cf406d009341560f7c6fafca2/0/214/214.mp4/ 4.2 8637 2019-09-16 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/213/strokies-petite-teen-nikki-peach-stroking-older-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/213/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/213/preview.jpg 491 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/f6d4ddfc8e0f8464961d83022d30e7989dcfe15936/0/213/213.mp4/ 4.1 105296 2019-09-18 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/212/strokies-petite-blonde-teen-kit-mercer-pov-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/212/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/212/preview.jpg 489 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/9acd2a618097d77a974f76c9c97114e039f4d13fcd/0/212/212.mp4/ 4.4 46300 2019-09-19 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/211/strokies-hairy-pussy-birthday-babe-chloe-kreams-stroking-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/211/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/211/preview.jpg 497 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/3c3bd2242d465677d03e9f5ef68fdd4826ab6eddeb/0/211/211.mp4/ 4.1 12209 2019-09-20 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/210/strokies-petite-teen-miranda-miller-strokes-cock-for-cum-all-over-tits/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/210/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/210/preview.jpg 487 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/4686150c6ad34ddc74e028d73e9716741b2b404ed1/0/210/210.mp4/ 4.2 9722 2019-09-25 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/209/strokies-tiny-teenie-allie-nicole-pov-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/209/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/209/preview.jpg 488 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/48e21cac778c051f953d14caff9ebc1360b3152b3b/0/209/209.mp4/ 4.4 26278 2019-09-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/208/strokies-nikki-knightly-stroking-cock-for-facial-cumshot-pov/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/208/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/208/preview.jpg 500 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/0590b7fc63ee10cd7bfcdcae403d473d4d718bf732/0/208/208.mp4/ 4.5 17137 2019-09-30 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/207/strokies-busty-milf-sara-st-clair-milking-cock-pov/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/207/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/207/preview.jpg 487 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/a93c6bf810f46bf0fa6384ec7498f1d51e9cad5fa6/0/207/207.mp4/ 4.4 35886 2019-10-06 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/206/strokies-tatted-up-teen-layla-love-pov-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/206/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/206/preview.jpg 487 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/b66a196b9ae683bebbcb3cc446dc9db587033e97f4/0/206/206.mp4/ 4.6 4754 2019-10-08 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/205/strokies-curvy-latina-cassandra-cain-pov-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/205/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/205/preview.jpg 487 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/b9ad81e43372bb60b41a55169460f2d665eb83af41/0/205/205.mp4/ 4.3 4341 2019-10-09 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/204/strokies-petite-ebony-alexis-tae-pov-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/204/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/204/preview.jpg 489 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/7342fb5706930c16d13e309f484a8b473d55d4899d/0/204/204.mp4/ 4.4 23291 2019-10-15 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/203/strokies-thicc-latina-sophia-leone-pov-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/203/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/203/preview.jpg 502 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/880da3d864606ed7b246a7cc9a443f6c576dd503d6/0/203/203.mp4/ 4.5 36325 2019-10-16 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/202/strokies-blonde-hottie-adira-allure-stroking-cock-pov/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/202/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/202/preview.jpg 507 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/f7d7e7ebc99bca4bae1d8af1811fc5c64de05862fb/0/202/202.mp4/ 4.4 5794 2019-10-17 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/201/strokies-busty-lauren-phillips-eats-cum-like-a-good-girl/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/201/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/201/preview.jpg 497 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/2569cb25406fc8f515c2e27e0e81ffcf480acc96d2/0/201/201.mp4/ 4.1 30242 2019-10-18 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/200/strokies-petite-redhead-cleo-clementine-dirty-talking-pov-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/200/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/200/preview.jpg 487 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/671d95a3424c44e7b2b2af6bcbae89a1d127224a26/0/200/200.mp4/ 4.2 52530 2019-10-22 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/199/strokies-thicc-redhead-hottie-edyn-blair-pov-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/199/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/199/preview.jpg 494 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/f70f4db42f9d5618e780eb7fc362344175d6622b0c/0/199/199.mp4/ 4.1 49158 2019-10-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/198/strokies-gorgeous-ebony-hottie-jeni-angel-strokes-cock-pov/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/198/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/198/preview.jpg 495 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/87ea28e907dd50498c85cd46534868dc0903e3cdb2/0/198/198.mp4/ 3.8 210793 2019-11-03 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/197/strokies-ebony-cutie-sizi-sev-pumps-first-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/197/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/197/preview.jpg 487 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/918c6c9f48a70bb5e2229688bb06c768535e255477/0/197/197.mp4/ 4.5 16327 2019-11-06 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/196/strokies-fallon-west-wants-your-cock-cum-badly/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/196/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/196/preview.jpg 491 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/14a9bb1af0d00eedbcf5a34f1eaac0c81751d89621/0/196/196.mp4/ 3.7 17661 2019-11-17 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/195/strokies-petite-ebony-jada-doll-unloads-cum-in-first-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/195/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/195/preview.jpg 496 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/620361a874ee53518e3807854830f3db4354f12d1e/0/195/195.mp4/ 4.3 18011 2019-11-19 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/194/strokies-petite-gorgeous-teen-paris-white-eats-cum/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/194/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/194/preview.jpg 492 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/f44e44a8492b257c46f0b86d786f14d1126b05908d/0/194/194.mp4/ 4.2 72087 2019-12-15 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/193/strokies-alix-lynx-dirty-talking-pov-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/193/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/193/preview.jpg 503 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/c2fdb7bc3499355f2111b93d4216523d75492677e6/0/193/193.mp4/ 4.4 74889 2019-12-22 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/192/strokies-adira-allure-wants-your-cum-for-xxxmas/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/192/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/192/preview.jpg 516 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/887abbbb0ccb00299e72c146c31f4f5b7be607ee08/0/192/192.mp4/ 4.2 2528 2019-12-23 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/191/strokies-megan-marx-lily-glee-want-cock-for-christmas/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/191/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/191/preview.jpg 514 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/c37087ac1dfcb0bb9a9e53f5f2da9a441d76d6799a/0/191/191.mp4/ 4.3 9210 2019-12-24 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/190/strokies-petite-teen-daphne-dare-wants-cum-on-her-face/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/190/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/190/preview.jpg 503 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/1cb76d459f7ece108006e8334528aa6c13f874a13e/0/190/190.mp4/ 4.1 199261 2019-12-31 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/189/strokies-kortney-chase-strokes-cock-for-thick-cum-load/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/189/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/189/preview.jpg 508 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/4306adec244fc33cf68d3ceef66c4fc7bff000889c/0/189/189.mp4/ 4.6 5268 2020-01-08 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/188/strokies-petite-russian-teen-lana-sharapova-wants-to-make-you-cum/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/188/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/188/preview.jpg 487 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/7ee18c9026b6e54f3d160c366be60c7676cacae6a0/0/188/188.mp4/ 4.3 11764 2020-01-14 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/187/strokies-busty-redhead-bimbo-lillian-stone-loves-jerking-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/187/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/187/preview.jpg 487 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/24a18df7f8b0df1c689fdb87d04bc1412fc29fb06c/0/187/187.mp4/ 4.2 118106 2020-01-18 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/186/strokies-nella-jones-begs-for-stepdaddy-s-cum/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/186/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/186/preview.jpg 501 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/b98e58bca3f60bc0e2f74b8816a895e3f2ddba391f/0/186/186.mp4/ 3.5 103579 2020-01-24 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/185/strokies-petite-teen-vienna-rose-wants-your-cum/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/185/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/185/preview.jpg 505 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/e3f712eefbc78ed99b39b923d9c2493f1c45cb73c5/0/185/185.mp4/ 4.4 79392 2020-02-08 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/184/strokies-busty-blonde-thot-allison-avery-milks-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/184/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/184/preview.jpg 497 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/9eb221c98d4b568a4683128b1bcd64c8f3a16c0943/0/184/184.mp4/ 3.7 124013 2020-02-14 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/183/strokies-ebony-goddess-ashley-aleigh-makes-you-cum/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/183/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/183/preview.jpg 491 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/eda07cec0a8a6fc11ef16acbdf12bea0f2a4ab87de/0/183/183.mp4/ 4.1 114149 2020-02-19 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/182/strokies-busty-milf-becky-bandini-strokes-cock-for-cum-load/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/182/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/182/preview.jpg 501 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/60c0f8e7722df5af75ff339a7cf75c89e18217a563/0/182/182.mp4/ 3.9 133969 2020-03-03 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/181/strokies-busty-linzee-ryder-loves-cum-on-her-titties/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/181/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/181/preview.jpg 495 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/a2e76d2ddfcb6a67e18cae180b34484f59e737c3ac/0/181/181.mp4/ 4.1 184346 2020-03-18 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/180/strokies-pale-hottie-skylar-madison-titty-fuck-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/180/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/180/preview.jpg 497 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/bed885c01560663d89b417f91e5241646a66785e9e/0/180/180.mp4/ 3.9 49718 2020-03-24 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/179/strokies-petite-vanna-bardot-begs-for-your-cum-on-her-tits/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/179/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/179/preview.jpg 499 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/9b5607eaee83ea0ff73f0c8ce58802df1f574b26ee/0/179/179.mp4/ 3.8 66620 2020-04-03 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/178/strokies-alice-merchasi-begs-for-cum-during-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/178/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/178/preview.jpg 489 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/9db51cb0b2ed702039f34abca07e39417160f71e63/0/178/178.mp4/ 4.0 73602 2020-04-21 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/177/strokies-thicc-brunette-hottie-ashley-wolf-stroking-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/177/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/177/preview.jpg 488 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/009feec21d990e3e80e092346b39191c3cc7153fe9/0/177/177.mp4/ 4.2 48343 2020-05-07 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/176/strokies-ginger-bimbo-jessa-rain-milks-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/176/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/176/preview.jpg 487 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/ffc1dbdcd4401c9aa451242cdc97c07fd2779a0331/0/176/176.mp4/ 3.9 26569 2020-06-01 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/175/strokies-blonde-thot-ashley-lane-loves-big-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/175/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/175/preview.jpg 497 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/ace43e0b70f56b756cf5a6363aaa7e9e66441c02bc/0/175/175.mp4/ 3.8 62594 2020-06-16 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/174/strokies-dirty-talking-blonde-thot-adira-allure-needs-cum/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/174/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/174/preview.jpg 492 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/765534cbab9a265dd2e6182045fd179fc1dce68289/0/174/174.mp4/ 3.9 199644 2020-06-24 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/173/strokies-leah-winters-makes-big-cock-cum-twice/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/173/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/173/preview.jpg 507 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/5e2b82c477a65ca037701e95c0d578a5f6a9fad10f/0/173/173.mp4/ 4.1 147792 2020-07-15 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/172/strokies-dirty-talking-busty-milf-london-river-strokes-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/172/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/172/preview.jpg 491 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/e79d6cf3bea0623c168f3b1b917e9036e6ca110d80/0/172/172.mp4/ 3.6 54155 2020-08-10 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/171/strokies-leah-winters-abbie-maley-and-adira-allure-handjob-compilation/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/171/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/171/preview.jpg 496 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/e78ad5a0f095e80810425757165b095b8d80f98605/0/171/171.mp4/ 4.1 28718 2020-08-17 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/170/strokies-petite-teen-kylie-rocket-loves-stroking-big-dick/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/170/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/170/preview.jpg 503 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/32803c0811bb5a686899b5bcd2472f170ed98b917d/0/170/170.mp4/ 4.2 101404 2020-09-23 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/169/strokies-ginger-thot-nala-brooks-is-a-cock-stroking-queen/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/169/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/169/preview.jpg 497 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/4f656fbd6d300be5eff5cd7f58eb673e489434b7a4/0/169/169.mp4/ 4.4 169334 2020-10-08 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/168/strokies-luscious-blonde-alison-avery-gives-hot-hotel-room-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/168/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/168/preview.jpg 491 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/e8fdf9656f20b24541b48bf617b015d6353578cc23/0/168/168.mp4/ 3.9 152890 2020-11-21 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/167/strokies-blonde-kayley-gunner-rubs-dick-on-clit-and-69-s-with-her-man/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/167/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/167/preview.jpg 517 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/9eb37dc8cf6d1449cd640f9e685d72c5994fc2f9d1/0/167/167.mp4/ 4.4 188028 2020-11-21 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/166/strokies-christmas-bts-with-3-naughty-elves-in-search-of-santa/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/166/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/166/preview.jpg 489 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/728bd69d309aed2a1a180f8c1ddd0fecd6e21086ab/0/166/166.mp4/ 3.0 15881 2020-12-21 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/165/tattooed-big-tit-slut-lily-lane-swallows-santa-s-cum/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/165/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/165/preview.jpg 534 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/2982ec69046e9d8397d8635d6ddaaf4c8c927c3008/0/165/165.mp4/ 4.4 27784 2020-12-21 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/164/strokies-santa-s-helper-penelope-reed-squirts-milky-treat-on-her-tits/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/164/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/164/preview.jpg 505 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/bb1bb1ed8fc43a1b2e5e164587d4d5ab97db800e63/0/164/164.mp4/ 4.1 16805 2020-12-24 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/163/strokies-petite-blonde-alita-lee-69s-bf-during-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/163/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/163/preview.jpg 500 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/6bd5a17527d63555e76c0bf7a145fcac6246da58dd/0/163/163.mp4/ 4.3 48114 2021-01-16 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/162/strokies-handjob-compilation-latina-liv-revamped/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/162/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/162/preview.jpg 492 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/76f26a76c6b2db3cb7d2f09a3565ecc254a5f1e4b8/0/162/162.mp4/ 4.2 25948 2021-01-17 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/161/tattooed-babe-vanessa-vega-bounces-titties-and-gives-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/161/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/161/preview.jpg 67 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/61e84adbe8c422b807819ae7aece9ad7f12cffa9f3/0/161/161.mp4/ 3.5 15251 2021-02-07 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/160/strokies-christmas-handjob-with-cindy-starfall-and-jill-kassidy/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/160/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/160/preview.jpg 487 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/759a6a7603b551f4041859e4bc2f2632895d394223/0/160/160.mp4/ 4.1 5170 2021-02-22 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/159/strokies-fresh-teen-april-aniston-strokes-first-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/159/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/159/preview.jpg 487 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/c0703102687614eca1198311e44ca77687077f1601/0/159/159.mp4/ 3.4 7079 2021-02-23 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/158/strokies-liv-revamped-sexy-striptease-then-strokes-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/158/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/158/preview.jpg 495 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/f04c93dcf7e86f53a966b318f099f062609b5151f3/0/158/158.mp4/ 4.5 3881 2021-02-23 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/157/strokies-nerdy-norah-nova-facialized-from-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/157/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/157/preview.jpg 495 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/29a9aba485da1c2de602d806abec02da038d4b5975/0/157/157.mp4/ 4.7 13745 2021-02-23 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/156/strokies-stunning-teen-megan-hughes-plays-with-cock-on-her-knees/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/156/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/156/preview.jpg 487 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/504d0de8ca527e0f5e6e5df702ff2bddf96117242a/0/156/156.mp4/ 3.4 5776 2021-02-23 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/155/strokies-asian-mi-ha-doan-stroking-her-first-hard-dick/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/155/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/155/preview.jpg 492 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/22f8d6b43fc9f92266d3882272e06f97cdc63fb096/0/155/155.mp4/ 4.6 14463 2021-02-23 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/154/strokies-cute-blonde-teen-natalia-queen-tits-covered-in-cum/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/154/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/154/preview.jpg 489 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/3a985e61b807c6fc7077d78ed899ce778f831c93a0/0/154/154.mp4/ 4.6 55242 2021-02-23 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/153/strokies-katie-kush-twerks-phat-ass-before-stroking-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/153/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/153/preview.jpg 491 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/63a5c2595f7d68a60fec118527887731ef9c22069b/0/153/153.mp4/ 4.6 14113 2021-02-23 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/152/strokies-norah-nova-fingers-pussy-before-grabbing-hard-dick/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/152/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/152/preview.jpg 488 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/a9ec1a44886c4de3063aa064755b3abce660a8a51a/0/152/152.mp4/ 4.7 7036 2021-02-23 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/151/strokies-back-in-new-glasses-chanel-grey-wants-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/151/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/151/preview.jpg 487 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/4b3d6e6074461c1df7d2da56dc24d2eb5280ae832c/0/151/151.mp4/ 4.6 11526 2021-02-23 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/150/strokies-exotic-kiarra-kai-strips-poolside-then-strokes-dick/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/150/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/150/preview.jpg 487 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/e3035d488fdbb527e8467175a446437712c0b8ab0c/0/150/150.mp4/ 4.6 20473 2021-02-23 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/149/strokies-french-cutie-luna-rival-strokes-american-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/149/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/149/preview.jpg 487 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/3532565a30ea30313c61bd42e4628a6bab578b2f5f/0/149/149.mp4/ 4.8 13075 2021-02-23 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/148/strokies-melody-cumming-blasted-with-cum-from-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/148/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/148/preview.jpg 488 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/a5725e2e6870a135393e49d810bbc626cdf9bd011b/0/148/148.mp4/ 4.2 3917 2021-02-23 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/147/strokies-milf-carmen-valentina-returns-to-stroke-dick/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/147/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/147/preview.jpg 493 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/25a9705b6f8481ff14a66f834897f18a728574e479/0/147/147.mp4/ 4.3 8489 2021-02-23 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/146/strokies-cowgirl-kendra-heart-fingers-pussy-then-strokes/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/146/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/146/preview.jpg 489 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/b5287b0d052e4480ec8cf0359f8da286c2b9f56cdc/0/146/146.mp4/ 4.0 6773 2021-02-23 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/145/strokies-laney-grey-shares-a-very-naughty-handjob-treat/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/145/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/145/preview.jpg 498 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/f729ca7e11a4fa395cc5b72f9cfa440e55916e5c8f/0/145/145.mp4/ 4.4 42509 2021-03-01 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/144/strokies-jojo-kiss-big-titties-covered-in-your-sticky-cum/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/144/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/144/preview.jpg 492 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/919a95ad20b3fc065b64bd8c8552f30999ada52154/0/144/144.mp4/ 4.6 10577 2021-03-01 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/143/strokies-petite-lily-glee-kisses-and-strokes-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/143/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/143/preview.jpg 489 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/980f862205b8538984643d651d581b44c6c90002c3/0/143/143.mp4/ 4.4 67904 2021-03-01 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/142/strokies-luscious-blonde-emma-starletto-gives-her-man-a-lusty-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/142/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/142/preview.jpg 510 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/f71a880f196ee7a31dda58a533ed228ed559bcab96/0/142/142.mp4/ 4.1 34232 2021-03-01 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/141/strokies-big-tit-blonde-serena-avary-milks-hard-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/141/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/141/preview.jpg 487 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/93438c32ad3c2ba524c7b859c6008ce0abbb4b6969/0/141/141.mp4/ 4.0 11569 2021-03-01 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/140/strokies-nerdy-teen-melody-marks-talks-dirty-for-cumshot/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/140/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/140/preview.jpg 503 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/eb828553ed976a8bf39ebc2eb1793d8606cb32ac7f/0/140/140.mp4/ 4.4 320821 2021-03-01 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/139/strokies-big-titty-german-gabby-gold-strips-then-strokes-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/139/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/139/preview.jpg 505 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/97f89217c9cc755f02c1197325cbbdf889e6b8e4ac/0/139/139.mp4/ 3.9 42618 2021-03-01 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/138/strokies-schoolgirl-kiarra-kai-strokes-cock-and-gets-cum-up-her-nose/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/138/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/138/preview.jpg 506 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/f595cf5fda473b709a67d6045cb4232c3cfe82141d/0/138/138.mp4/ 4.2 44339 2021-03-01 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/137/strokies-strokies-favorite-liv-revamped-returns-for-cumload/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/137/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/137/preview.jpg 487 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/089aad2edb7e80a4d111362c4d09de9b9dff5f1112/0/137/137.mp4/ 4.7 14197 2021-03-01 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/136/strokies-wild-babe-athena-rayne-back-for-more-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/136/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/136/preview.jpg 495 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/7bf5e94133a9d94be944f546674a82703b87237cd6/0/136/136.mp4/ 4.3 90951 2021-03-03 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/135/strokies-lyra-lockhart-loves-hard-cock-in-her-hand/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/135/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/135/preview.jpg 521 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/b21503c7c1fded3dd4cf2e4ec1d63e0d5119baf821/0/135/135.mp4/ 3.8 38425 2021-03-03 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/134/strokies-busty-ebony-jenna-foxx-back-to-stroke-for-cum/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/134/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/134/preview.jpg 495 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/749d3cb1f06ea6db6d0bdb3f6fd17090e359e8f374/0/134/134.mp4/ 4.3 31033 2021-03-03 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/133/strokies-katie-kush-poolside-cock-salute-on-independence-day/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/133/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/133/preview.jpg 487 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/4d4bbc06c30ccc9505ad2a2059e7e79619f6b6b52a/0/133/133.mp4/ 4.4 16699 2021-03-03 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/132/strokies-porn-newb-jaycee-starr-pumps-cum-on-perky-tits/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/132/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/132/preview.jpg 487 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/60917370d1b90f3a47df6e673f545514823b5bcd3c/0/132/132.mp4/ 4.5 24415 2021-03-03 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/131/strokies-horny-lindsey-cruz-can-t-get-enough-of-your-dick/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/131/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/131/preview.jpg 492 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/bc90803658de5999f5c7204c4b2447971714bb6248/0/131/131.mp4/ 4.0 53856 2021-03-04 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/130/strokies-brooke-haze-pleasures-pussy-while-stroking-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/130/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/130/preview.jpg 489 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/775a851637e02d2e6d0dd344d9caa43df9fbb8e18d/0/130/130.mp4/ 4.4 41891 2021-03-04 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/129/strokies-megan-hughes-back-to-give-a-poolside-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/129/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/129/preview.jpg 493 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/7415045138affdd993052bd58ec32376fa5d3ef9bf/0/129/129.mp4/ 4.4 25210 2021-03-04 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/128/strokies-pigtailed-lyra-lockhart-horny-and-looking-for-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/128/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/128/preview.jpg 498 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/61b1f4d44787b627c4f90f9466dc07d59d334a15bf/0/128/128.mp4/ 4.0 56270 2021-03-04 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/127/strokies-teen-newbie-taylor-blake-pumps-big-cock-for-cum/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/127/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/127/preview.jpg 487 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/574c667571c2bd28407eb8b2922f33e8f9a48c1e95/0/127/127.mp4/ 4.1 111096 2021-03-04 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/126/strokies-exotic-aria-lee-fingers-covered-in-sticky-cum/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/126/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/126/preview.jpg 487 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/a56616222cee6f94ac16aaa72e815839cbb21522c0/0/126/126.mp4/ 4.4 78079 2021-03-04 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/125/strokies-teen-ivy-minxx-rubs-pussy-then-begs-for-cum/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/125/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/125/preview.jpg 489 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/4ce74f96afb1980d899c6666752ebcd163a32f00c9/0/125/125.mp4/ 3.9 24542 2021-03-04 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/124/strokies-blonde-bonnie-wolf-demands-cock-to-stroke/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/124/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/124/preview.jpg 498 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/81e809e0bba74537b10680260865930d020dbd56f5/0/124/124.mp4/ 4.4 22530 2021-03-04 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/123/strokies-horny-schoolgirl-cassandra-cain-begs-to-stroke/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/123/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/123/preview.jpg 489 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/a1480303cc2e9eff81a224a5b8371922c79b086002/0/123/123.mp4/ 4.4 23438 2021-03-04 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/122/strokies-curly-haired-sarah-lace-massages-cock-for-cum/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/122/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/122/preview.jpg 488 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/0782b4b0d6c41684b9ae026cbc64b19ba98f7505bc/0/122/122.mp4/ 4.5 30321 2021-03-04 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/121/strokies-puffy-nipple-dacey-harlot-can-t-wait-to-stroke-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/121/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/121/preview.jpg 494 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/91a46aa33b88fa45917f9f1d01ec85da09f68121d4/0/121/121.mp4/ 4.3 23406 2021-03-04 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/120/strokies-carmela-clutch-breaks-in-virgin-hands-for-facial/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/120/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/120/preview.jpg 1059 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/679bd7b4e93ecf3b62d9766c48e9fe6d76a59da631/0/120/120.mp4/ 3.6 25746 2021-03-04 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/119/strokies-teen-carmen-callaway-can-t-wait-to-make-you-cum/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/119/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/119/preview.jpg 498 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/91021d233864741b593c731c24f94f8e8784a0ff6e/0/119/119.mp4/ 4.1 32772 2021-03-04 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/118/strokies-carolina-cortez-huge-tits-soaked-in-cum-from-stroke/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/118/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/118/preview.jpg 494 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/e465dbd337538239ab49f85a77172e4c98a77c734f/0/118/118.mp4/ 4.2 37507 2021-03-04 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/117/strokies-brunette-sophia-moon-gives-first-time-stroke-job/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/117/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/117/preview.jpg 488 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/4755240ef37fe3d8abf596cc50fb4a4156a8a3e279/0/117/117.mp4/ 4.3 15324 2021-03-04 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/116/strokies-stroke-sesh-with-pierced-tattooed-blonde-violet-storm/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/116/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/116/preview.jpg 496 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/7add9dbfe3fa5e23cc4ab503bd43808b2ce8caeedf/0/116/116.mp4/ 3.6 17748 2021-03-04 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/115/strokies-horny-blonde-nikole-nash-cum-showered-not-once-but-twice/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/115/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/115/preview.jpg 489 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/d1b079be264a179f2d1ea48dde7d0f868058e61b39/0/115/115.mp4/ 4.6 43768 2021-03-04 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/114/strokies-brunette-abbie-maley-straddles-her-man-s-face-and-jerks-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/114/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/114/preview.jpg 522 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/c13e8df547fbc790c1f88e2ef39c4db3fdc4b13c5f/0/114/114.mp4/ 4.2 55741 2021-03-04 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/113/strokies-jazmin-luv-rubs-clit-and-strokes-with-tattooed-fingers/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/113/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/113/preview.jpg 522 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/1c5714143052d01cb811a03c792c8e040e0998ba29/0/113/113.mp4/ 4.2 62108 2021-04-22 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/112/gorgeous-blonde-lilly-bell-puts-her-soft-hands-to-work/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/112/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/112/preview.jpg 506 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/aebed2e9dc8b29408dd36b02cdef1d8521a6d3b5f9/0/112/112.mp4/ 4.7 31650 2021-09-19 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/111/blonde-thot-harmony-rivers-grinds-shaved-pussy-and-jerks-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/111/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/111/preview.jpg 487 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/0db6d6d3e5016b891552834d839c46b130b0b97170/0/111/111.mp4/ 4.7 15289 2021-11-22 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/110/blonde-beach-babe-leah-lee-gives-ball-licking-stroke-job/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/110/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/110/preview.jpg 515 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/19f08c4c2928f1d061ef4fcea81a1f02864a823b1b/0/110/110.mp4/ 4.1 69801 2021-11-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/109/ginger-lauren-phillips-jerks-off-pov/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/109/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/109/preview.jpg 485 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/df2ad268e75683a596d1702c622e5ed466d40baafe/0/109/109.mp4/ 4.5 16800 2022-05-17 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/108/cute-gia-love-talks-anal-and-bares-her-pussy-tattoo-cum-target/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/108/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/108/preview.jpg 480 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/cd7d421410e506fc3d1a9cde8ad6eed8b70d4077d6/0/108/108.mp4/ 4.3 11593 2022-05-18 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/107/strokies-hot-tattooed-blonde-marilyn-johnson-masturbates-during-pov-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/107/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/107/preview.jpg 497 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/8517511dc3eacc7b73896b5177a074e99f53c0f322/0/107/107.mp4/ 4.6 8898 2022-10-10 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/106/strokies-short-haired-brunette-amo-trades-a-handjob-for-a-naked-motorcycle-ride/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/106/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/106/preview.jpg 487 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/ac9f9430f98e682e9319a6c09f4bf39fbc34041f40/0/106/106.mp4/ 4.5 3580 2022-10-11 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/105/strokies-asian-goddess-kimmy-lee-in-titty-fucking-handjob-video/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/105/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/105/preview.jpg 485 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/532d37e077f56ef5c5fb97b8793a1d9e4f2d2e4711/0/105/105.mp4/ 4.5 2497 2022-10-12 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/104/strokies-teen-ashlynn-taylor-wakes-up-horny-and-gives-a-great-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/104/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/104/preview.jpg 495 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/b368c90b2b531b936e287ec03d097729469d32c3bb/0/104/104.mp4/ 5.0 5695 2022-10-13 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/103/strokies-horny-brunette-keira-croft-rubs-hairy-pussy-and-sucks-balls/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/103/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/103/preview.jpg 511 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/a28e6aaf8d3b8289234ccd5ed2455999a5f14d3e5c/0/103/103.mp4/ 4.3 7794 2022-10-14 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/102/strokies-sweet-as-candy-flirty-19-year-old-lucy-doll-shows-upskirt-then-plays-with-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/102/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/102/preview.jpg 486 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/44f0d94aeae4e67a4bc31ed64d416e55990f3c03b5/0/102/102.mp4/ 4.3 41470 2022-10-17 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/101/strokies-horny-blonde-teen-lily-rader-gives-a-passionate-panty-job/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/101/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/101/preview.jpg 487 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/aec0fc3fcbc327e089da91d0801b903da827974f95/0/101/101.mp4/ 4.8 22624 2022-10-18 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/100/strokies-soft-and-sexy-filipino-babe-maya-mona-jerks-jizz-on-her-squeezable-tits/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/100/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/100/preview.jpg 500 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/b62396007ab045afb8aaec0bd0cc7d7548a2fefa64/0/100/100.mp4/ 4.2 8134 2022-10-19 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/99/strokies-chloe-cherry-and-lucy-doll-have-handjob-threesome-at-slumber-party/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/99/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/99/preview.jpg 527 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/70ed2fc85a5f133f3a373fc32ce636bc7b8c8d2bf7/0/99/99.mp4/ 3.9 66079 2022-10-20 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/98/strokies-perky-teen-adriana-maya-strips-off-purple-bra-and-panties-to-stroke-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/98/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/98/preview.jpg 487 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/4ba9ef408e6978f6bd456b59aef28c38df75b9caa0/0/98/98.mp4/ 4.6 6800 2022-10-21 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/97/strokies-platinum-blonde-babe-kay-lovely-jerks-cock-between-big-tits/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/97/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/97/preview.jpg 535 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/b75be96287700d2bdc2f71499ab7f676df92b5399e/0/97/97.mp4/ 4.3 48019 2022-10-21 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/96/strokies-sexy-blonde-pornstar-rachel-roxxx-gives-strokies-our-wildest-handjob-video-yet/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/96/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/96/preview.jpg 505 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/fd5b651b2e20df4976d2f02478927cb06b7e8ac4ba/0/96/96.mp4/ 4.5 15970 2022-10-24 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/95/strokies-halloween-witch-jill-kassidy-casts-a-sexy-spell-on-her-man-with-spooky-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/95/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/95/preview.jpg 505 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/97d81316e0b0772c6578d3b111235e52a50efab141/0/95/95.mp4/ 4.6 10173 2022-10-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/94/strokies-latina-german-and-french-beauty-jade-jantzen-gets-jizz-on-her-perky-tits/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/94/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/94/preview.jpg 498 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/ecf88df7d7f26a6abad155e1a2ba5a0262b8b6f26b/0/94/94.mp4/ 4.6 8578 2022-10-26 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/93/strokies-beautiful-blue-eyed-autumn-rain-gives-titty-fucking-handjob-in-the-kitchen/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/93/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/93/preview.jpg 496 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/7939093b834cdbda50d5f7bd0fbd94f6ed03e3dc64/0/93/93.mp4/ 4.3 6156 2022-10-28 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/92/strokies-ashley-lane-takes-it-from-the-back-alley-to-strokies-handjob-stardom/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/92/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/92/preview.jpg 518 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/b09c26c4b64950a24f2a7e4f10817a40ae66cdd092/0/92/92.mp4/ 4.4 13028 2022-10-29 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/91/strokies-18yo-pink-haired-pierced-amateur-babe-danni-gives-a-pov-handjob-for-college-money/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/91/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/91/preview.jpg 487 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/ccd9666f6a39b4c852d0ee6dcea9426590b5ffc6d6/0/91/91.mp4/ 4.8 3656 2022-10-31 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/90/strokies-prisoner-liv-revamped-trades-a-handjob-to-be-freed-from-jail/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/90/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/90/preview.jpg 514 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/5fc910dc9725afe28806677d0d7add4fa7b0109fda/0/90/90.mp4/ 4.3 7297 2022-11-02 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/89/strokies-striking-blonde-karmin-fox-in-handjob-casting-couch-audition/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/89/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/89/preview.jpg 493 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/c9990d0d3a04d91a128270686ef92c6cb57ed60adb/0/89/89.mp4/ 4.4 5728 2022-11-02 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/88/strokies-hot-geek-girl-jay-taylor-wears-glasses-while-she-strokes-a-hard-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/88/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/88/preview.jpg 498 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/75ec2104d5f164ff6214b34ded1b9c856f83d5cf53/0/88/88.mp4/ 4.2 10374 2022-11-03 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/87/strokies-tattooed-lily-lane-shows-off-her-big-tits-in-her-epic-handjob-return/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/87/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/87/preview.jpg 488 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/ac6b8206ef1aa00058612729c161abaa142df3c3be/0/87/87.mp4/ 5.0 9586 2022-11-04 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/86/strokies-watch-jill-kassidy-give-her-very-first-pov-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/86/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/86/preview.jpg 526 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/ae24fccd4914c5e5e43c845f3fb0fa67b57b772d85/0/86/86.mp4/ 4.7 21507 2022-11-07 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/85/strokies-playful-blonde-babe-tiffany-watson-fools-around-with-a-hard-cock-in-pov-handjob-scene/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/85/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/85/preview.jpg 520 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/afdaf92fb92b9ea706f32264d499dd5869147bae4b/0/85/85.mp4/ 4.3 4192 2022-11-08 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/84/strokies-ember-snow-and-edyn-blair-give-a-titty-fucking-ball-sucking-double-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/84/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/84/preview.jpg 498 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/11d9dde58f2d2ed88ef83e097430d7a69fd2220b74/0/84/84.mp4/ 4.5 9243 2022-11-09 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/83/strokies-karly-baker-is-a-hot-brunette-teen-with-bangs-ready-to-jerk-cock-in-pov/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/83/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/83/preview.jpg 504 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/0494b8d2a4309724d97b783b7177040493937e3dd8/0/83/83.mp4/ 4.2 7835 2022-11-10 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/82/strokies-miami-sex-machine-vanessa-sky-returns-for-a-next-level-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/82/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/82/preview.jpg 494 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/d38452494f982219cd2c5ccf0f7019a27e5661553d/0/82/82.mp4/ 5.0 10446 2022-11-12 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/81/strokies-naughty-and-nerdy-anya-ivy-came-to-stroke-in-lingerie-and-glasses/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/81/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/81/preview.jpg 494 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/3f92fb4292ec008bd5f383278f5c5faab737cdc99a/0/81/81.mp4/ 4.6 9154 2022-11-15 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/80/strokies-sweet-athena-rayne-with-perky-tits-licks-his-balls-and-runs-fingers-along-his-shaft/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/80/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/80/preview.jpg 517 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/1856fb45fa58e09e9d38d08e670b3e76e9d151c6ea/0/80/80.mp4/ 4.4 10654 2022-11-16 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/79/strokies-hot-girl-girl-party-leads-to-double-handjob-by-athena-rayne-and-lexi-lore/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/79/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/79/preview.jpg 525 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/7194f22dcbe5dd15790b462a1aaf7c0f9b8de36a48/0/79/79.mp4/ 4.4 61955 2022-11-17 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/78/strokies-kinky-19yo-brunette-monica-sage-shows-off-that-booty-and-gives-a-pov-tug-job/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/78/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/78/preview.jpg 518 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/d61a3a8f583f95edb5d02b95e95c4d8d88b1d5f501/0/78/78.mp4/ 4.7 4812 2022-11-17 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/77/strokies-anna-claire-clouds-returns-for-another-flawless-pov-handjob-performance/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/77/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/77/preview.jpg 491 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/e6c74b53370ce850311aa6972045b048259d87248f/0/77/77.mp4/ 4.3 11402 2022-11-18 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/76/strokies-bad-girls-of-bdsm-della-dain-and-cassandra-cain-spice-it-up-with-blindfolds-and-whips/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/76/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/76/preview.jpg 514 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/55cdeceeab6e2465b2846c566176c297cfd7c3ff0a/0/76/76.mp4/ 5.0 3000 2022-11-21 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/75/strokies-redhead-andi-rye-wants-to-take-it-outside-for-a-hot-forbidden-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/75/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/75/preview.jpg 497 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/3cef301efc7c13d94aabc4ad240890d09e361b3a43/0/75/75.mp4/ 4.8 7619 2022-11-23 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/74/strokies-maya-woulfe-returns-to-play-titty-peekaboo-and-play-with-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/74/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/74/preview.jpg 497 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/5626b554a73b51898abeeedaa95fd63666b74cc120/0/74/74.mp4/ 4.3 12303 2022-11-25 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/73/strokies-nasty-nurse-riley-reyes-titty-fucks-and-jerks-her-lucky-patient/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/73/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/73/preview.jpg 498 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/0bf3233dc5607697aee68e8a181d4b3a8682a04915/0/73/73.mp4/ 4.8 9177 2022-11-29 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/72/strokies-foxy-tattooed-scarlett-mae-shows-off-perky-tits-for-pov-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/72/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/72/preview.jpg 494 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/1fbed8dd68f5ac9d6a8e3fcd317b1bd06481b3d5cb/0/72/72.mp4/ 4.4 8784 2022-11-30 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/71/strokies-cherie-deville-is-a-hands-on-stepmom-giving-handjob-lessons-to-stepdaughter-summer-brooks/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/71/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/71/preview.jpg 497 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/32adc073e4cbc4d6d99df9bba1fd83cab1fd6b0725/0/71/71.mp4/ 3.6 26716 2022-12-01 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/70/strokies-lexi-lore-is-a-teen-queen-with-braces-and-tattoos-sucking-balls-and-giving-a-hot-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/70/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/70/preview.jpg 496 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/7880d5ae49ab2b40c042e77c3e608225f05a13fb5d/0/70/70.mp4/ 4.7 21931 2022-12-01 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/69/strokies-colombian-cutie-izzy-lush-shakes-her-south-american-ass-and-jerks-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/69/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/69/preview.jpg 488 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/4b3923c729207517b4aac19014e13a8aecabbac8c3/0/69/69.mp4/ 4.7 9607 2022-12-02 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/68/strokies-cutie-with-a-booty-summer-brooks-gives-her-man-some-summer-lovin-with-masturbating-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/68/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/68/preview.jpg 494 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/8f0708ced2413cab6b33dee9cd3d41f17ed90ff7b6/0/68/68.mp4/ 4.2 16608 2022-12-06 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/67/strokies-blonde-pornstar-natalia-starr-shares-naughty-fantasies-strips-nude-and-gives-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/67/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/67/preview.jpg 496 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/e5fc44a0ed24ac1422d583586c061bcf7e336e1e90/0/67/67.mp4/ 4.6 16102 2022-12-07 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/66/strokies-august-taylor-shows-off-her-sun-kissed-big-tits-at-poolside-stroke-sesh/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/66/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/66/preview.jpg 505 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/61968f206e83abf6cc85af832913eff1faa12598df/0/66/66.mp4/ 4.5 22590 2022-12-07 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/65/strokies-hot-latina-ball-sucker-moka-mora-puts-a-spanish-spell-on-a-horny-dude/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/65/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/65/preview.jpg 519 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/f4b386a83c33d734c89788478696a9ea2dd0db5270/0/65/65.mp4/ 4.6 8146 2022-12-09 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/64/strokies-cute-introvert-tristan-summers-strokes-and-shows-off-all-natural-tits/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/64/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/64/preview.jpg 521 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/9c725bee42a893f43e68cad734fdee88e76209f181/0/64/64.mp4/ 4.6 15332 2022-12-10 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/63/strokies-horny-student-megan-marx-wants-a-study-break-with-a-big-hard-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/63/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/63/preview.jpg 490 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/61b9bf1fe5ade17048cabb6e2555a3f94e2260eb74/0/63/63.mp4/ 4.6 10776 2022-12-13 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/62/strokies-sexy-shavelle-loves-to-stroke-it/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/62/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/62/preview.jpg 487 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/95812bb074aae1631f3c132245b072d96009a0b85b/0/62/62.mp4/ 4.5 7073 2022-12-14 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/61/strokies-sensual-ebony-goddess-ashley-aleigh-bares-perky-tits-and-strokes-dick/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/61/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/61/preview.jpg 500 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/9cc22cd88f0f994dc19c014338019da76a3a712ded/0/61/61.mp4/ 4.4 4722 2022-12-14 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/60/strokies-scarlett-hampton-shows-off-pierced-tits-and-strokes-dick/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/60/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/60/preview.jpg 493 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/1ae7a6bc079bb52ad285922855eef52db82a8917c0/0/60/60.mp4/ 4.7 11206 2022-12-19 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/59/strokies-ho-ho-ho-khloe-kapri-brings-her-slut-sauce-to-santa-s-north-pole/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/59/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/59/preview.jpg 509 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/1a6ebf40188760e603277b4f2bf2e0e88c7223ef04/0/59/59.mp4/ 4.6 6756 2022-12-22 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/58/strokies-playful-country-girl-claire-roos-takes-off-her-overalls-for-some-handjob-fun/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/58/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/58/preview.jpg 518 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/c8da85ad78dd22557d4c75fe86de9a68e23cfd79d2/0/58/58.mp4/ 4.7 19447 2022-12-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/57/strokies-puerto-rican-princess-nika-venom-bares-big-tits-and-handles-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/57/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/57/preview.jpg 529 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/5322bf69e03da4d7db99dafa0e927342333aa35e71/0/57/57.mp4/ 4.4 158301 2022-12-31 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/56/strokies-catalina-ossa-shares-handjob-history-masturbates-and-treats-his-cock-good-with-long-nails/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/56/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/56/preview.jpg 536 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/5fd3bdb5f05fa4c528c7440f364c1b0f11d49c74d0/0/56/56.mp4/ 4.3 27025 2023-01-12 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/55/strokies-brazilian-beauty-angel-gostosa-shows-off-that-18yo-booty-in-pov-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/55/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/55/preview.jpg 517 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/f1d469fe36dd9f13055223d25f7ede4e83661b5826/0/55/55.mp4/ 4.1 11719 2023-01-14 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/54/strokies-go-down-south-with-blonde-handjob-cutie-jazlyn-ray/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/54/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/54/preview.jpg 515 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/a4a8d02c511b3a5cef9b9b7c3cb695f615748ad420/0/54/54.mp4/ 4.5 15173 2023-01-21 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/53/strokies-judy-jolie-is-sweet-as-a-cherry-in-sizzling-double-fisted-stroke-sesh/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/53/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/53/preview.jpg 493 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/ed3aabd96458c72aa2a97a5df62586135f1f286378/0/53/53.mp4/ 4.6 5297 2023-01-25 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/52/strokies-short-haired-nicole-aria-returns-to-talk-sex-and-give-a-pov-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/52/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/52/preview.jpg 514 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/391b2f05d1f4010ccd3ce5956d02301785d1ec58b8/0/52/52.mp4/ 4.4 4192 2023-01-27 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/51/strokies-hot-blonde-paisley-porter-shows-off-huge-boobs-and-plays-with-precum/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/51/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/51/preview.jpg 505 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/bba00b58b1f5f2a21f5b1109daff1e72f346d5ee48/0/51/51.mp4/ 4.6 6409 2023-02-01 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/50/strokies-asian-cutie-with-a-booty-luna-mills-gives-her-man-s-balls-some-attention/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/50/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/50/preview.jpg 506 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/f050377e38e7fd5a24d7259e69f972932f190ccfa5/0/50/50.mp4/ 4.5 6220 2023-02-01 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/49/strokies-athletic-beauty-braylin-bailey-shows-off-dancer-s-body-and-jerks-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/49/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/49/preview.jpg 502 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/c4a30fe7c8266145200f7a59ecce79c76625aab293/0/49/49.mp4/ 4.4 7148 2023-02-04 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/48/strokies-does-ashlynn-taylor-really-have-a-sweet-tooth-for-valentine-s-day-candy-or-cum/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/48/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/48/preview.jpg 494 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/2e1ba3b151978d34845cb1e92925d744095e06e481/0/48/48.mp4/ 4.5 4423 2023-02-06 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/47/strokies-indica-monroe-shows-off-her-forbidden-fruit-in-pov-handjob/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/47/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/47/preview.jpg 489 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/141c2ec21ec0380d587e5ec2d28ef80c0b54aa8e82/0/47/47.mp4/ 4.3 9042 2023-02-07 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/46/strokies-cuban-fireball-vanessa-sky-brings-the-heat-with-pov-handjob-and-69/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/46/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/46/preview.jpg 497 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/91c90eba1522c11868c218d5144b45d0554ae6056b/0/46/46.mp4/ 4.7 5782 2023-02-07 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/45/strokies-short-haired-blonde-sidra-sage-treats-a-dick-to-some-tlc/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/45/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/45/preview.jpg 489 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/168434d7e03451d49cd37b3a944f47cb614e804ba5/0/45/45.mp4/ 4.8 7938 2023-02-08 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/44/strokies-keira-croft-returns-hotter-and-hornier-for-handjob-number-two/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/44/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/44/preview.jpg 532 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/dfbcb642c69852aa8f95d6ab2fa8cec05cfde279c7/0/44/44.mp4/ 4.6 33965 2023-02-09 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/43/strokies-spit-fueled-handjob-by-luscious-repeat-offender-sera-ryder/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/43/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/43/preview.jpg 530 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/5dc9997d17957b4f8717bd121677b206bf11ce6e9d/0/43/43.mp4/ 4.3 42370 2023-02-10 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/42/strokies-maya-woulfe-as-cupid-targets-chuck-earns-jizz-all-over-her-pretty-red-lips/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/42/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/42/preview.jpg 526 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/5128685cf94e7d9aeb9d54efd1cc823312c3a5311d/0/42/42.mp4/ 4.7 11539 2023-02-14 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/41/strokies-sera-ryder-returns-more-pov-handjob-action-from-the-brunette-hottie/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/41/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/41/preview.jpg 493 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/ef1387cb035c5974e56984263a70d51be843bcf443/0/41/41.mp4/ 4.0 7949 2023-02-14 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/40/strokies-fiery-latina-penelope-woods-loves-making-her-guy-feel-good/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/40/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/40/preview.jpg 491 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/f083ceafcc45b799351288a644155c209b5fcda4dc/0/40/40.mp4/ 4.6 10120 2023-02-17 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/39/strokies-tall-and-tattooed-rocky-emerson-reveals-every-inch/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/39/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/39/preview.jpg 497 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/95182fa1e91b77939b0ed13fbb114bccf1d00872e8/0/39/39.mp4/ 4.6 20752 2023-02-20 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/38/strokies-blue-eyed-fit-goddess-rory-knox-shows-off-hot-bod-strokes-cock/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/38/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/38/preview.jpg 489 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/e400acda1e57d52bc22aabc09799d3b6df377641b3/0/38/38.mp4/ 4.1 10049 2023-03-03 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/37/strokies-single-cutie-fiji-falzz-strokes-and-humps-her-man-s-leg/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/37/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/37/preview.jpg 490 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/e5ac94711160f28a73d08e31497e780f0b14e1ca43/0/37/37.mp4/ 4.5 7082 2023-03-10 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/36/strokies-puerto-rican-gem-nika-venom-returns-to-show-off-sterling-stroking-skills/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/36/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/36/preview.jpg 486 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/a3c7802bf6042d089fb7c77e831ea4cc075d74ec44/0/36/36.mp4/ 4.5 29762 2023-03-31 https://strokiespresents.com/videos/35/strokies-tejano-hottie-harley-haze-shows-off-banging-body-jerks-cock-pov/ 2026-04-17 daily 0.8 https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/35/preview.jpg https://strokiespresents.com/contents/videos_screenshots/0/35/preview.jpg 509 https://strokiespresents.com/get_file/1/4ede53ecfb65d89fee9cdc15ff43b6fe5ebeeedaec/0/35/35.mp4/ 4.1 2722 2023-04-05