https://strokiespresents.com/tags/swallow/ Fri, 17 Apr 2026 07:21:39 CDT https://strokiespresents.com/videos/31/strokies-tiny-stroker-coco-lovelock-grinds-masturbates-and-jerks-cock/
]]> Sat, 08 Apr 2023 15:30:22 CDT https://strokiespresents.com/videos/31/strokies-tiny-stroker-coco-lovelock-grinds-masturbates-and-jerks-cock/ https://strokiespresents.com/videos/46/strokies-cuban-fireball-vanessa-sky-brings-the-heat-with-pov-handjob-and-69/
]]> Tue, 07 Feb 2023 15:47:17 CST https://strokiespresents.com/videos/46/strokies-cuban-fireball-vanessa-sky-brings-the-heat-with-pov-handjob-and-69/ https://strokiespresents.com/videos/65/strokies-hot-latina-ball-sucker-moka-mora-puts-a-spanish-spell-on-a-horny-dude/
]]> Fri, 09 Dec 2022 16:10:41 CST https://strokiespresents.com/videos/65/strokies-hot-latina-ball-sucker-moka-mora-puts-a-spanish-spell-on-a-horny-dude/ https://strokiespresents.com/videos/70/strokies-lexi-lore-is-a-teen-queen-with-braces-and-tattoos-sucking-balls-and-giving-a-hot-handjob/
]]> Thu, 01 Dec 2022 16:16:43 CST https://strokiespresents.com/videos/70/strokies-lexi-lore-is-a-teen-queen-with-braces-and-tattoos-sucking-balls-and-giving-a-hot-handjob/ https://strokiespresents.com/videos/75/strokies-redhead-andi-rye-wants-to-take-it-outside-for-a-hot-forbidden-handjob/
]]> Wed, 23 Nov 2022 16:23:47 CST https://strokiespresents.com/videos/75/strokies-redhead-andi-rye-wants-to-take-it-outside-for-a-hot-forbidden-handjob/ https://strokiespresents.com/videos/76/strokies-bad-girls-of-bdsm-della-dain-and-cassandra-cain-spice-it-up-with-blindfolds-and-whips/
]]> Mon, 21 Nov 2022 16:24:54 CST https://strokiespresents.com/videos/76/strokies-bad-girls-of-bdsm-della-dain-and-cassandra-cain-spice-it-up-with-blindfolds-and-whips/ https://strokiespresents.com/videos/86/strokies-watch-jill-kassidy-give-her-very-first-pov-handjob/
]]> Mon, 07 Nov 2022 16:38:10 CST https://strokiespresents.com/videos/86/strokies-watch-jill-kassidy-give-her-very-first-pov-handjob/ https://strokiespresents.com/videos/105/strokies-asian-goddess-kimmy-lee-in-titty-fucking-handjob-video/
]]> Wed, 12 Oct 2022 17:00:08 CDT https://strokiespresents.com/videos/105/strokies-asian-goddess-kimmy-lee-in-titty-fucking-handjob-video/ https://strokiespresents.com/videos/107/strokies-hot-tattooed-blonde-marilyn-johnson-masturbates-during-pov-handjob/
]]> Mon, 10 Oct 2022 17:02:52 CDT https://strokiespresents.com/videos/107/strokies-hot-tattooed-blonde-marilyn-johnson-masturbates-during-pov-handjob/ https://strokiespresents.com/videos/108/cute-gia-love-talks-anal-and-bares-her-pussy-tattoo-cum-target/
]]> Wed, 18 May 2022 17:03:46 CDT https://strokiespresents.com/videos/108/cute-gia-love-talks-anal-and-bares-her-pussy-tattoo-cum-target/ https://strokiespresents.com/videos/244/mandy-muse-jerks-officer-off-for-soup/
]]> Wed, 27 Feb 2019 20:07:33 CST https://strokiespresents.com/videos/244/mandy-muse-jerks-officer-off-for-soup/