<![CDATA[Videos Tagged with daisy dukes]]> https://strokiespresents.com/tags/daisy-dukes/ Fri, 17 Apr 2026 07:35:30 CDT <![CDATA[ Leyla Bounces Her Big Tits & Jerks Him Off ]]> https://strokiespresents.com/videos/277/leyla-bounces-her-big-tits-jerks-him-off/
]]> Wed, 27 Feb 2019 21:11:37 CST https://strokiespresents.com/videos/277/leyla-bounces-her-big-tits-jerks-him-off/ <![CDATA[ Shy Cassidy Bliss Shows Bush And Strokes ]]> https://strokiespresents.com/videos/296/shy-cassidy-bliss-shows-bush-and-strokes/
]]> Tue, 26 Feb 2019 21:47:34 CST https://strokiespresents.com/videos/296/shy-cassidy-bliss-shows-bush-and-strokes/ <![CDATA[ Nerdy Kinsley Eden Hand-Pleases Him Right ]]> https://strokiespresents.com/videos/287/nerdy-kinsley-eden-hand-pleases-him-right/
]]> Tue, 26 Feb 2019 21:29:16 CST https://strokiespresents.com/videos/287/nerdy-kinsley-eden-hand-pleases-him-right/ <![CDATA[ Brooke Haze Gets Cum All Over Her Chest ]]> https://strokiespresents.com/videos/284/brooke-haze-gets-cum-all-over-her-chest/
]]> Tue, 26 Feb 2019 21:22:19 CST https://strokiespresents.com/videos/284/brooke-haze-gets-cum-all-over-her-chest/