<![CDATA[Videos Tagged with cupid]]> https://strokiespresents.com/tags/cupid/ Fri, 17 Apr 2026 07:22:35 CDT <![CDATA[ STROKIES Maya Woulfe as Cupid targets Chuck, earns jizz all over her pretty red lips ]]> https://strokiespresents.com/videos/42/strokies-maya-woulfe-as-cupid-targets-chuck-earns-jizz-all-over-her-pretty-red-lips/
]]> Tue, 14 Feb 2023 15:43:57 CST https://strokiespresents.com/videos/42/strokies-maya-woulfe-as-cupid-targets-chuck-earns-jizz-all-over-her-pretty-red-lips/