https://strokiespresents.com/tags/black/ Fri, 17 Apr 2026 06:11:57 CDT https://strokiespresents.com/videos/27/strokies-curvy-ebony-milf-jayden-starr-extracts-two-blasts-of-jizz/
]]> Thu, 13 Apr 2023 15:25:28 CDT https://strokiespresents.com/videos/27/strokies-curvy-ebony-milf-jayden-starr-extracts-two-blasts-of-jizz/ https://strokiespresents.com/videos/28/strokies-grown-and-sexy-daya-knight-returns-for-more-dick/
]]> Wed, 12 Apr 2023 15:26:29 CDT https://strokiespresents.com/videos/28/strokies-grown-and-sexy-daya-knight-returns-for-more-dick/ https://strokiespresents.com/videos/61/strokies-sensual-ebony-goddess-ashley-aleigh-bares-perky-tits-and-strokes-dick/
]]> Wed, 14 Dec 2022 16:05:02 CST https://strokiespresents.com/videos/61/strokies-sensual-ebony-goddess-ashley-aleigh-bares-perky-tits-and-strokes-dick/ https://strokiespresents.com/videos/81/strokies-naughty-and-nerdy-anya-ivy-came-to-stroke-in-lingerie-and-glasses/
]]> Tue, 15 Nov 2022 16:31:14 CST https://strokiespresents.com/videos/81/strokies-naughty-and-nerdy-anya-ivy-came-to-stroke-in-lingerie-and-glasses/ https://strokiespresents.com/videos/98/strokies-perky-teen-adriana-maya-strips-off-purple-bra-and-panties-to-stroke-cock/
]]> Fri, 21 Oct 2022 16:55:24 CDT https://strokiespresents.com/videos/98/strokies-perky-teen-adriana-maya-strips-off-purple-bra-and-panties-to-stroke-cock/ https://strokiespresents.com/videos/134/strokies-busty-ebony-jenna-foxx-back-to-stroke-for-cum/
]]> Wed, 03 Mar 2021 17:37:08 CST https://strokiespresents.com/videos/134/strokies-busty-ebony-jenna-foxx-back-to-stroke-for-cum/ https://strokiespresents.com/videos/148/strokies-melody-cumming-blasted-with-cum-from-handjob/
]]> Tue, 23 Feb 2021 17:57:08 CST https://strokiespresents.com/videos/148/strokies-melody-cumming-blasted-with-cum-from-handjob/ https://strokiespresents.com/videos/183/strokies-ebony-goddess-ashley-aleigh-makes-you-cum/
]]> Wed, 19 Feb 2020 18:37:19 CST https://strokiespresents.com/videos/183/strokies-ebony-goddess-ashley-aleigh-makes-you-cum/ https://strokiespresents.com/videos/195/strokies-petite-ebony-jada-doll-unloads-cum-in-first-handjob/
]]> Tue, 19 Nov 2019 18:48:24 CST https://strokiespresents.com/videos/195/strokies-petite-ebony-jada-doll-unloads-cum-in-first-handjob/ https://strokiespresents.com/videos/197/strokies-ebony-cutie-sizi-sev-pumps-first-handjob/
]]> Wed, 06 Nov 2019 18:51:27 CST https://strokiespresents.com/videos/197/strokies-ebony-cutie-sizi-sev-pumps-first-handjob/ https://strokiespresents.com/videos/198/strokies-gorgeous-ebony-hottie-jeni-angel-strokes-cock-pov/
]]> Sun, 03 Nov 2019 18:53:23 CST https://strokiespresents.com/videos/198/strokies-gorgeous-ebony-hottie-jeni-angel-strokes-cock-pov/ https://strokiespresents.com/videos/204/strokies-petite-ebony-alexis-tae-pov-handjob/
]]> Tue, 15 Oct 2019 18:59:02 CDT https://strokiespresents.com/videos/204/strokies-petite-ebony-alexis-tae-pov-handjob/